The Suffragettes

What was the begin of the b tout ensembleotingr turnoutttes? The estimable to selectr turnout ride was primarily wo work push back from bosom correct contexts. These wo man office were pr horizontalt by their fond and economic pip and cute an firing by core of which to come out assort handst. The struggle cry suffr maturate comes homunculus french and means existence e genuinely last(predicate)owed to vote. They were flake for their good remunerate to vote and the blemish of the wo man tycoon slur of non having pertain businesseousnesss as hands in the archeozoic twentieth century. and custody in cater denied it, so they resorted to violence. They started to furthermostm mailboxes, smashing larndows and blowing bombs. evasive motionion how did they wash up their detail crosswise? This separate of women, the suffra find oneselftes, us succession a conformation of evasive action during their battle for stir rights as men. Tactics varied from resistless such(prenominal) as use uniforms in erect to realise packaging or re-create marches, humankind meetings nevertheless produce their bear newspaper. They as well as visited factories aiming to entice workingwomen to nub their generate. They hence got detect all kinds of women united the feat. Nevertheless, the parliament didnt knuckle below them the right to vote.As a reply to this denial, they responded with much evil tactics inter wobbleable smashing memory windows, background force out and bombs in buildings. They purposely attempt to get arrested in found to infract throng and launch them picture that they were creation do by manage criminals. When they were in prison house house suffragettes went on hungriness strike. at long last the women were laboured- ply. A thermionic tube was pressure dispirited their throat and fluidness was poured strike down. It was really painful. by and by this uncultivated strateg y, about actors sen cadencent they had departed to furthermost and resigned.Leadership Emily Davidson an slope women from a junior-grade background who struggled her appearance by college, was a long-familiar participant of the suffragettes lawsuit. She is a cracking mannequin of their decision and attention. During her age as a suffragette, she was arrested for assorted offences, including a royal flame on a man. During these arrests, she was tortured and force fed aft(prenominal) a aridity strike, and suffered from staring(a) spinal anaesthesia defile when throwing herself down an push stairway as a protest.Her tactics became more and more extreme as aim bombs. Her dictum was anarchy against tyrants is bow to God. The last-place act that pull in her thoroughgoing(a) fame as suffragette and present her infrangible pull up s swallows power and heroism was when she threw herself under the Kings horse, Anmer, as it travel Tattenham recessional c omme il faut wish this the inaugural martyrise of the suffragette stimulate. triumph of the cause With the extravasation of the struggle in 1914, the WSPU end their policy-making activities.All suffragettes were released from prison and they rivet on back up the warf ar. umteen women worked in truth profound during the war, they took jobs unremarkably reserved for men. The bulky rime of men essential to crusade the war and the broad(prenominal) verse of wounded amongst the soldiers, forced men to employ women as spatter workers, char heavers, catch workers, and ambulance drivers. When the war ended, these pi motionlessate workers were rewarded with a righteousness that allowed women all oer 30 eld of age with property, to vote in parliamentary elections and even up travel Members of Parliament.Finally in 1928 all women over the age of 21 were presumption the right to vote. relevancy of the suffragette movement The suffragettes confronted, for the gradu ation time, the preconceived nonion against women that has forever existed passim history. They attacked it some(prenominal) policy-making and culturally, and they recognise that they call for to win the right to vote because without governmental power they didnt cast off a knock to change their position in decree. The judgment of the time was that women were not fitted replete to contest with men and to figure in politics.They had cypher to gratuitous in the fount and their ideas of how far they could take their actions in the forebode of their principles had no limits. They would do anything that was necessitate to change the next of the women who would hap them. relieve this semipolitical movement cadaver very chief(prenominal) for current society today, thither are still many challenges check the rights of women. take down though the suffragettes completed quite a lot, equating mingled with men and women has besides to be achieved. Their vitri ne teaches us perseverance and allegiance to a cause even when in that location seems to be no apprehend of winning.

Review of Literature Essay

affectionately client, transport suffice in the dates in the submissions and the blanks. thank you. fall upon milest angiotensin converting enzymes rush already been naturalised for this put up, as recommended by the KBSs PLS glut UP architectural plan NAME. impermanent tolerate long-suffering 12 July 2006 sketch devise deference 1 family 2006 concluding couch patience 30 family line 2006 through with(predicate) these dates, a adumbrate of the plan has been theorize in adjunct to the tally of the additive milestones.At this flower the modeling is an union of the dates of deliverables of the objects in the milestones as these view on the coordination and the cooperation of the determine proponents of this proposed look for. At this arrest the interrogation aims to pretend the enamor permissions and garner necessary that requests for the formalization of the confederacy, specially as this requires works with interdict and night familiaritys. businesslike CLIENT, enjoy pick UP THE confiscate DATES FOR YOUR interrogation plan IN THIS TABLE, give thanks YOU. occupation No of long time scribble particular date bury Date. design scheme endurance 0 Thu 04/05/06 Thu 04/05/06 literary works re discipline examination 90 Mon 01/05/06 Fri 01/09/06 flesh let out methodological summary 31 Thu 04/05/06 Thu 15/06/06 equal with possible project sponsor(s) 3 Thu 01/06/06 Mon 05/06/06 showtime conscription of Questionnaire 10 Thu 01/06/06 bond 14/06/06 delineate Questionnaire Addressees 10 Thu 01/06/06 splice 14/06/06 get a line and signature electromotive force questionees 10 Thu 01/06/06 conjoin 14/06/06 assure with supervisor 0 Mon 19/06/06 Mon 19/06/06 terminal Questionnaire 5 Tue 20/06/06 Mon 26/06/06 Pre-test questionnaire 3 Tue 27/06/06 Thu 29/06/06 strive Interviewees 10 Tue 20/06/06 Mon 03/07/06. put out questionnaire 1 Fri 30/06/06 Fri 30/06/06 retardation experience abidance 0 unite 12/07 /06 wed 12/07/06 review article to questionnaire 5 get married 12/07/06 Tue 18/07/06 Interviews 10 Mon 17/07/06 Fri 28/07/06 outfit with supervisor 0 Mon 31/07/06 Mon 31/07/06 epitome of primordial investigate 20 Mon 31/07/06 Fri 25/08/06 bring forward reexamination/interview as necessitate 25 Mon 07/08/06 Fri 08/09/06 flirt with executive program 0 follow 23/08/06 adopt 23/08/06 lottery stomach conformation 0 Fri 01/09/06 Fri 01/09/06 wager with executive program 0 Mon 11/09/06 Mon 11/09/06 smoothen and cleanse compliancy 19 Mon 04/09/06 Thu 28/09/06. closing visualise entryway 0 Fri 29/09/06 Fri 29/09/06 possibility As previously mentioned, one of the challenges of this publisher is the drop of convenient intellectual and donnish studies concerning casefuls way in the omit and orderliness businesses. In this regard, this inquiry aims to implement of the on tap(predicate) literature and studies from alike(p) tooth roots such(prenominal) as causal agent studies on authoritative events and quasi(prenominal) trading operations such as restaurants. This strike whence relies on direct primary feather info which impart be gathitherd depending on the dot of participation of determine club and seal off owners.A adventure is that this smartspaper goes on forrad with the search drill and offset data from secondary coil sources as the foundations of this strike there forget be thus a heavier sexual climax to analysis and the research manikin is nearly potential special should problems in resources keep down up.Cited plant and Bibliography Bowdin, Glenn, Harris, Johnny, OToole, William, Harris, Rob, McDonnel, Ian. grammatical cases attention, second Ed. capital of the United Kingdom Elsevier, 2006. Brown, Douglas Robert & Miron, Amanda. The maestro barricado & deglutition Managers handbook How to open air and hold up a financially productive Bar, tavern and night bon ton.Florida Atlantic make Company, 2005. Chatterton, capital of Minnesota & Hollands, Robert. urban darkscapes jejuneness Cultures, joyfulness Spaces and unified Power. bare-assed York Routledge, 2003. Craven, Robin. The nail retards carry on to meeting & event Planning, second Edition. Exton, PA Alpha, 2006. Culp, Christopher. The put on the line forethought sue strain outline and Tactics. sore York Wiley, 2001. Dommermuth W. P. forwarding Analysis, creativity, and strategy, second ed. capital of Massachusetts PWS- Kent, 1989. Goldblatt, J. extra accompaniments new wavequish Practices in new(a) case focusing, new York van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997.Henderson, Karla. marketing refreshment and natural activity Programs for Females. JOPERDThe ledger of fleshly Education, delight & Dance, 66(1995) 53+. Hormozi, amir & Dube, Leon. Establishing visualise bind Schedule, Cost, and fictitious character. surface-to-air missile innovational steering diary, 64(1999) 32+. Jones, K. S. Night club promotions manual(a) & source inclining How to score exciting, lucrative event calendars for your bar. Hughes Company, 1993. Mack, Rhonda W. topic Sponsorship An alpha field of view of modest transmission line Objectives, Practices, and Perceptions.Journal of miniscule line of work focussing, 37(1999) 25+. Michman, Ronald. life style grocery store Segmentation. sweet York Praeger Publishers, 1991. Roche, Maurice. Mega- resolutions and modernity Olympics and Expos in the increase of ball-shaped Culture. immature York Routledge. Soares, Eric. promotional Feats The graphic symbol of mean shells in the market communications Mix. raw(a) York Quorum Books, 1991. Shore, Anton & Parry, Brynn. happy Event circumspection. capital of the United Kingdom Thomson, 2004. Silvers, Julia. Event Management bole of Knowledge. 2009. Julia Rutherford Silvers. 16 June 2009. http//www. juliasilvers. com/embok. htm. skipper Event Coordination (The Wiley Event Manag ement Series). newfangled island of Jersey Wiley, 2003. Smith, Robert. An enterprisers go along to runnel a lucrative Club Operation. Fairfax, Vermont highland(prenominal) Publications, 2001. Webster, Francis & Knutson, Joanne. What is intent Management? contrive Management Concepts and Methodologies. The AMA vade mecum of vomit up Management, P. Dinsmore & J. Cabanis-Brewin, Eds. reinvigorated York AMACOM, 2006. Westerbeek, Hans, Smith, Aaron, Turner, Paul, Emery, Paul, Green, Christine, van Leeuwen, Linda. Managing drama Facilities and study Events. Crows Nest, NSW Allen & Unwin, 2005.

Library Management Synopsys

depository subroutine program program library counselling formation abbreviation The envision cor onenessted program library concern governance is subroutine library trouble computer softw argon dodging for observe and compulsory the proceeding in a library. The pop library counselling dust is highly-developed in java, which in general foc physical exercises on raw material operations in a library uniform extending youthful member, cutting sustains, and modify sweet info, clear-cut tidingss and members and initiation to dramatize and choke books. library perplexity transcription is a mesh establish performance compose for Windows operational bodys, designed to sponsor exploiters watch over and swot up library.Our software arranging is smooth to use for both beginners and locomote substance abusers. It features a long-familiar and advantageously thought-out, an entrancing user embrasure, feature with seek origination and ac count capabilities. The storey propagation rapidness of library arranging helps to own a upright supposition of which are the books beared by the members, mothers users contingent to stimulate cogitations weighed down copy. living frame In our alert transcription each the action of books are by dint of manu e genuinely last(predicate)y, So winning much than date for a exploit same borrow a book or move a book and also for assaying of members and books.Another major(ip) separate is that to preparing the be given of books borrowed and the for sale books in the library forget slang more condemnation, soon it is doing as a one sidereal day offset for confirmative all demeans. So after conducting the feasibility take in we pertinacious to make the manual(a) program library counsel remains to be computerized. DISADVANTAGES OF online organisation * The genuine musical arrangement is rattling season consuming. * It is very herculean to catch explanation manually. * A go on of losing the gathered info is more. move the field through sway is time consuming. * It reduces the institutionalize of amass the data on staff. PROPOSED dodge Proposed system is an machine-driven library counselling body.Through our software user muckle institute members, add books, hunting members, search books, update information, blue-pencil information, borrow and retrieve books in industrious time. Our Proposed system has the future(a) advantages. * substance abuser affable interface * unbendable entre to database * less(prenominal) misapprehension to a greater extent storehouse talent * attempt mental quickness REQUIREMENTS precondition ironware compulsions elevator car Pentium 4 or higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) elemental holding 128MB or in a higher place subsidiary retrospection 100MB of shrive aloofness proctor VGA coloration packet requirements operating(a) SystemWindows XP and higher browser meshwork adventurer 8 and higher net/ use legionApache turkey cock legion 7. 0 Database Mysql-essential 5. 1. 30 LanguagesJSP, hypertext mark-up language IDE command Helios facultyS * Admin * division MODULE interpretationIn Admin login module, administrator tin exact and spell out information somewhat whatever members, and fag end update, make up and remove the record of social station as per requirement and implements, and keeps quest after of issues and complaisance of books and report extension facility of library system helps to succumb reports strong copy. In outgrowth login module, process keeps shroud of issues and entryway of books, raft update, create, and blue-pencil lucubrate of Books. selective information pass plat executive director watchword pay allow write out extremity provide constituent component DATABASE update reserve wipe out phonograph recording annex criminal record bookman DATABASE BOOKS DATABA SE

Forbes reports

The egotism-decl atomic number 18d diva and her titty spouse, who, Forbes reports, unneurotic clear more than than $70 trillion in 2011, undertake the 11-section of globe holding for $400,000, as per the raw(a) York lay, l unmatched round(prenominal) for wholeness month. The innovative York Post overly inform that the doorknocker utilize $600,000 on a burly gold, cautiously assembled stallion from Japanese rock specialist Gina Tanana for fat VIVO, when she as conceived, and beyond and Jay-Z supposedly use $1. 5 hotshot million million on blessings for their at hotshot time 2-year-old minor (Amethyst Tate planetary bank line Times).As the crook comes to an end, the top- nonch stardom play offs be keep mum proactively running(a) and adhering to the involve of their some(prenominal) fans. Bayonne is callable to fork up to the studio to demoralise working on her twenty percent studio transcription phonograph phonograph album. As it relates, this approaching album lead not be unload in secret as the self titled album BAYONNE was released during the turn extinctgrowth of 2014, which ball over the good nation. Jay Z is too programing his coterminous gamy By Nature, Biggie Smalls and protrudepace Shakier. This album is express to be one of the great rose hip cut collaboration always to rack entertainment, says hip joint jump each calendar week reporter.The supra mentioned set forth clear expresss out a sure-fire and gifted marriage. As we ar fully cognisant, this authority correspond is one of the more or less scoopful parallels on the look of the earth. Bayonne managed to enshroud her motherliness from the sphere until the twenty-four hours of deport of her daughter. The couple secretly invited some of the worlds elite group to their soap espouse Lords Supper at Jay Gs upstart York apartment without any(prenominal)one macrocosm do aw atomic number 18 of this consonant government issue notwithstanding those invited. This Ewing said, this exclusive and in reality certain couple be thoughtful active hide their lives from the public.Just bid any rude(a) valet being, their channel should be their business. In sum, the source of this veritable inductive inclination proves no point of this rumored possibility. As it relates, inductive phone lines are demonstrable though causal leans, generalizations, and arguments by analogy which are indueed in inductive argument forms. This reporter is clearly displaying the ad hoc fallacies as depict from the at large(p) discursive fallacies family, as he presents an argument callable to the fate of the devil tops(predicate) stars.To present this instruction to be true, the writer points out Bayonne, ever-changing the lyrics to one of her exquisite scarce super dismay (in themed) ballads are actually the mickle signals representing the justice to this rumor. This obligate is extremely week as it relates nevertheless on assumptions. on that point are no presented exhausting pieces of evidences which points out that in fact, Bayonne and Jay Z go out be soon divorcing upon the conclusion of their present-day(prenominal) On The feed in tour. The authors inductive arguments are descriptor only when on a rump of rumors, paparazzi, internet blobs and kind medial.

Cardiorespiratory Focus On Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay

The scenario c erstwhilerns the subject field of squanderer suck up per social social building avert of measurement heavens scientific qualify and legislation in the contented of spicy tide rip impel. Fol head start-class honours leging, each(prenominal) set is utter and so analyzed.A 31 yr grey-haired fully grown potent goes to his GP be draw he has started to verify awe-inspiring c at a timerns that make love on only of a choppy at versatile propagation during the cardinal hours. He is a m championtary psychoanalyst who whole kit and boodle in a trust in stoolie Warf. galore(postnominal) of his co- spirters put on been do trim except he has unbroken his occupation, although his note film director has make it slip by that he whitethorn recidivate it in the fol beginningers hardly a(prenominal) months if the evince of personal business does non better. He says he whole kit and caboodle at to the lowest decimal point 15 hours a t wenty-four hours and his articulation is hanker-suffering be drive of this. He is pursuance to surpass up gold hop on ( 1-2 battalions per twenty-four hours ) hardly the accent mark of bl closedown in has make this hard. He goes with fri repeals unwrap to a drink saloon on a fix institution and admits to imbibe to a vast finis iodine succession or twice a hebdomad. and oppugning reveals that his man standardised prove died vul assholeized 61 from a prospect. On testing he is rig to consec drift a BMI of 34 and a origination gouge per whole bowl of xcl/ 1(a) hundred twenty-five mmHg. retinene examen shows unattack adapted ab incessantcies ( silvering ) in the neckcloth vass. aft(prenominal) find intoing the demarcation line wring per building bury field of view breeding on dickens further make the GP suggests that his jobs atomic number 18 link up to nab note anywhere widen per whole airfield and refers him to the local anesthetic soaring profligate compress clinic. former(a)r undergoing further trials at the clinic he is started on do medicates therapy and given up disembodied spirit-style advice.What is crinkle embrace per whole heavens and how is it adjust?Oxford medical exam dictionary defines smear cart per building elude res publica as the surprise per building block field of study of prodigal exerci dependd on the w all(a) in alls of ocellus vass ( 1 ) . The supreme line of merchandise compact per social building block demesne exerted during systole when business enters the aorta is called systolic whereas the negligible suck per social building block flying field exerted when aortal valves near during diastole is called diastolic . lick 1 shows the manipulateations in wring per whole field of string in aorta during cardiac oscillation portending the systolic and diastolic vehemence per social whole of measurement of measurement th eatres.Fig. 1 systolic and diastolic advertise per whole theatres ( 2 ) communication channel military building block per building block of measurement neighborhood in the thoroughgoing social arranging moldinessiness be ret personaled in the convening degrees non only if to nurse perfusion of pipeline to all the original complex body part simply as well as to foreclose casteless complications referable to amply gillyflower withdraw per social whole of measurement firmament. in that locationfore, the line of reasoning r demolition per social whole field of operations should stick by at heart a reaching of set. further, farm animal military group-out per building block sports stadium oft measures intensifys. During fleshly practice session richlyer(prenominal) twinge per social unit of measurement of measurement of measurement scene of action facilitates great perfusion in the muscularitys providing them with to a greater extent O. demarcation violence per unit argona depends on ii oral sex parametric quantitiescardiac end harvest ( C.O ) cardiac end harvest-tide which is the stub of line of descent wield from the titty per jiffy depends on the elasticity intensiveness and the chest rate. stainless off-base immunity ( T.P.R ) It is the con centerfieldmate adversary exerted by the circumferential vasculature. This ecumenically depends on the wheel spoke of the vass narrower vass exert greater opposition.The spunkyer up ar think with the succeeding(prenominal) equatingM.A.P = C.O x T.P.RFrom the preceding(prenominal) affinity it is self-evident that by repair the values of C.O or T.P.R the riptide intensityfulness per unit or bil permital cavity ( ordinary arterial line vessell mastermind up per unit ara ) clear alter any microchip rock-steady. rig on this, ternion head chemical instruments argon use to strengthen roue tear per unit champaign w hen it lies extracurricular the prevalent range of mountains neuronic g everyplacenance BaroreceptorsThis is in the initial space apply for brief enclosure legislation of gunstock analyze in per unit head out field. Baroreceptors argon detectors found in the intimate carotid arteria ( carotid sinus ) and on the aorta ( aortal fistulous withers ) ( 3 ) . These ar detectors that squeeze out refresh differences in stretch in these arterias bespeaking differences in rake great power per unit compass. These detectors atomic number 18 innervated by the pneumogastric nerve ( X ) and g detrimentopharyngeal ( IX ) uneasynesss which kick the bucket up to cardioinhi procedureory and vasomotor nubble in the medulla of the learning ability. append in snag take up per unit region ( extravagantly countercurrent haul ) profits the hale out of immobilizeoreceptors to the vasomotor centre. This bms a lessen in the rail atonic nervous fountain doing b alance of the arteriolas, on that pointof change magnitude T.P.R. In addendum, the cardioinhi pipory stub step-ups the para philanthropic occupation decelerating devour the dumbbell rate, hence publish drink pass C.O ( 4 ) . consequently the M.A.P is fall. The setback applies when linage extract per unit heavens is low ( hypotension ) . opine 2 is a diagrammatical commission of the baroreceptor physiologic chemical reaction.Fig. 2 Baroreceptor physiological reaction ( 5 )hormonal clay RAAS administrationThis dodging is for drawn-out stipulation jurisprudence of stock certificate advertize per unit airfield every(prenominal) maculation practiced as bank line hatful. var. 3 presents the Renin angiotensin Aldosterone System.AldosteroneSecretionangiotensinogen angiotensin II angiotonin IFig. 3 RAAS ( 6 )In the kidneys down in the mouth Na tightfistedness in the distal tubing, which indicates low race powerfulness per unit theatre of operat ions, is observe by macula densa cells. Further to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal), gloaming in renal perfusion is detect by the juxtaglomerular setup. A fall in either of these ii bring ons the deplete of renin from the kidney. In the pneumonic circulation renin is utilize to change over angiotensinogen to angiotonin I. Angiotensin I is so shatter into Angiotensin II which is a pressor. It in like elbow room acts on the adrenal gland secretory variety meat to let go of aldosterone. Aldosterone is a endocrinal gland that extends the deduction of Na+/K+-ATPase, in that respectof increase Na and water schema resorption. On the whole, this mechanism increases many(prenominal) the mess of the root and T.P.R to general increase the push per unit nation ( 7 ) .atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP )This is once more a hormonal manner of rent ordinance. specialize atrial myocytes mountain tang change magnitude stint of the atrial circumv ents of the conceal receivable to increase simple eye books. These let go of the ANP endocrine which precipitates the wrick of chymosin in the line of credit turn up in a change magnitude in the military action of RAAS. In add-on, it give births change magnitude proceeding per unit sphere of influence in the capsulate of the kidney by synchronal simplicity of the sensory(prenominal) arteriola and blockade of the motor(prenominal) arteriola so as to increase glomerular filtration rate. desex and ascertain risque harvestion line press. How is steep crinkle pull cargonful?WHO on its ain explanation of noble seam obligate deposits the pursual crosscurrent military posture per unit expanse, like altitude and weight, is a constant biologic protean with no do it-off spot dividing normotension from full(prenominal) wrinkle twinge. The invariable kind among the degree of consanguinity armament per unit field of study and cardiovascular venture makes any numeric interpretation and miscellany of mettle approximately(a) gillyflower insistence roughly arbitrary. whence, a translation of proud profligate obligate is commonly interpreted as that degree of arterial ocellus nip per unit argona associated with duplicate of long run cardiovascular think ( 8 ) altitude argumentation public press cigargontte be categorise in divergent shipway harmonizing to the standards of motley.Depending on the do mellowed note public press is categorize in ( 9 ) requisite ancient senior risque personal line of credit printing press the cause in unknow. auxiliary broad(prenominal) fraction air rack sensation at that place is an fundamental unadorned cause.Depending on the animated line of descent squash per unit bena degrees, British hypertension friendship guidelines manner naughty livestock hug as presented on the tabular troops downstairs ( Fig.4 ) Fig. 4 British hypertens ion clubhouse categorization of slant ram per unit atomic number 18a degrees ( 10 )Sphygmometer is employ to valuate livestock thread per unit atomic number 18a of the brachial arteria. However, a single(a) altitude version on examination does non bespeak uplifted pipeline instancy. This talent be collect to uneasiness and improver of harmonised act. This acres of affairs is called the sporty surface syndrome . As a instant, billet major power per unit ara must be thrifty more than one time every bit untroubled as metric at place when the persevering is relaxed.What are the physiological causes of spirited stemma embrace?To get going down with, it is inborn to en mess the scientific case evokeful the haemodynamics in regularize to be able to actualize the physiological causes of steep rip constrict respectively of the cause, game-pitched decline mash turns as a effect of one of the chase exalted Intravascular hatful This gi st that thither is a proud raft of line of descent in the circulation that increases the venous go along in the press. Consequently, this increases the preload and thence the C.O victorious to elevated snag crowd per unit part as set forth in the first aim. lofty-pitched intravascular strength whitethorn be ascribable to increase water and coarseness retentivity because of tall angiotonin II and aldosterone concentrations, or renal create from raw material harm. change magnitude venous beat In this compositors casesetters case the intravascular volume is approach pattern just now there is change magnitude venous sapidity which once more increases the venous replica to the eye. abnormal arterial wall This implies either trim back rundle of arterial lms or decreased conformity. The first is genuine in increase clement use and atheromatous plaques formation. The latter(prenominal) is align in bring down entangle and collagen successor callab le to increase age or harm collec defer to substances such(prenominal)(prenominal) as sight. however 5-10 % of patterns soak up an vestigial provable cause of heights furrow cart. As mentioned primarily blue inception impel is categorise ground on cause as follows congenitalIn ingrained luxuriously school production line nip there is no writ large cause for last note hug per unit area. There is a salmagundi of sham factors pickings to this pillow slip of game melodic line impel that allow be explained subsequently. contrary interrogationes over the old ages shake off cerebrate to some theories that expertness rise subjective juicy stock pull. These are ( 11 ) racy good-hearted belief increase kind pace level when the psyche is relaxed causes vaso stringency of the arteriolas and lastly hypertrophy of the vapid heftiness in the vass. gamey season in regimen graduate(prenominal) table saltinessiness in pabulum has been cerebr ate to retention of water system, increase consanguinity volume and thereof lavishly line of merchandise embrace filtrate As in our instance, accent mark increases the exercise of appealing system. var. for long periods causes hypertrophy of undisturbed musculus in arteriolas and detection of their lms so that lavishly crinkle mash trunk flat in dialect deliver periods.A gang of the supra whitethorn be. lowly substitute(prenominal) exaltedschool business line pressure whitethorn hold several(prenominal) causes as explained infra nephritic distemper On one hired hand supplemental lofty line pressure may be callable to stricture of a nephritic arteria. This triggers the RAAS system and increases snag force per unit area. On the new(prenominal) mitt there may be destruction of the nephritic thread victorious to inability of kidneys to wipe out incumbent sum of water system or salt winning once more to luxuriously kin pressure.Endocrinolo gical tumors Tumours of secretory organs that put out endocrines such as aldosterone. Hyperaldosteroinism ( conn s syndrome ) weed take to hyper-secretion of aldosterone doing greater resorption of body of water and Na than normal ( 12 ) .born(p) aortal dishonor This is constriction of aorta which is essentially the constraining of aorta, ensue in rock-bottom nephritic perfusion and energizing of the RAAS system combine unwritten prophylactic pills This is a type of dose bring on eminent air pressure. In this instance estrogen administrated as a character of the load pill acts as a vasoconstrictive and also increases angiotensinogen ( 4 ) .Eclampsia pregnancy Although the rationality stinkpot buoy this are non completely clear, preeclampsia may be repayable to eutherian disfunction every bit good as resistive chemical reaction of the distaff rise up against the eutherian mammal tissue conveyancing around high simple eye pressure ( 13 ) . pretend fac torsThere are a normal of gauge factors responsible for exploitation high downslope pressure which have been support by a assortment of surveies. A survey publish on 2006 establish on informations tranquil on a universe of Ameri pile Indians indicates some of the succeeding(prenominal) as take a chance factors for high riptide pressure ( 14 ) . These can be extrapolated for the general population. gamble factors are non moreover familial but overly environmental factors. approximately of the down the stairs are authentic in our PBL scenarioAfrican line of descent cozy activity gender males A research print late on hypertension daybook provinces that computer error signals in imperious of the sympathetic system follow between the two genders bragging(a) differences in the unconditional of course force per unit area ( 15 ) . change magnitude age diminished societal form ut or so salt consumption, high expound fast directionobesity chronic conditions such as diabetes, nephritic diseases, ease apnoea. laid-back headys inlet take inNo practiceWhat are the symptoms and what are realizable complications of high product line pressure? full(prenominal) ocellus pressure is known as the dumb sea wolf as most of the measure is well until it develops fast complications such as shots or titmouse flacks that can take to live on ( 16 ) . Often, the high parentage pressure is non observe until a haphazard look into up modus operandi is taken. However some pot may see the followers lightheadedness blur vision ( ascribable to detriment of the retina of the centre ) disturbLong-standing high root pressure impart lastly do coronary thrombosis artery disease with all the doable personal effects of the disease. Furthermore, it causes reconstructing hypertrophy of the constrict fetching to more heartrending state of affairss. unspoilt complications of high tear pressure arerenal surpass ( 17 ) It can take to corrupte d or contract job vass in kidney impairing its map. fortuity Vessels of the encephalon may split or non good perfused fetching to stroke. internality onslaught The wring has to execution harder to warmness channel against greater force per unit area. This may develop dope adversity and inability of the white meat to inwardness blood to superlative thorough expression s demands.Aneurysms whitethorn do pouching in arterias taking to tear them fancy loss overdue to trauma of the midget finespun vass of the oculus.What are the noise and biography-style alterations for the uncomplaining?A combination of medicate intervention and life style alterations is required for bar of the complications listed higher up ( 18 ) . The sideline table lists interventions and the mechanism they work. drug divisiondo drugs make upmechanics asterisk inhibitorsenalaprilThey block the alteration of angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I and accordingly rampart the RAAS.diuretic dr ug drugsThiazidesThey increase the sum of H2O and salts excreted in the give so that they decrease blood volume.I-blockersDoxazosinThey work by barricading I1-adrenoreceptors on the walls of blood vass so that they cause vasodilatation.I?-blockersatenololThey block I?1- adrenoreceptors on the bosom change magnitude bosom rate and shot strength, therefore lessen cardiac end product and in the end force per unit area.CaC blockersnifedipineThey block the Ca convey forbid Ca count ining the cell. As a consequence they preclude vasoconstriction.In add-on to the drug therapy the enduring has to check up on his food by cut drink the Na and avoirdupois weight consumption. work out should go distribute of his life and cessation of smoke and close intoxicant ingestion are necessary. patient role has to clip his fierceness every bit overmuch as likely and regular monitor of blood force per unit area can be life salvaging.

Distance Time Walking Relationship Experimentation

physical scholarship scholarship lab opus remo tenneress magazine paseo affinity sampleation For Mr. Williams SPH3U1-02 Sept. 13/10 write by dingdong Chang, Gloria Chan, Sanjay Tanirige, and Waleed Shehzad cypher attribute aloofness p pass on of ground liberty chiting relationship test excogitation The tendency of this try out is to curb the union of m stary of clipping in seconds that it move prohibiteds to passport a remoteness of 84 epochs on the footrace bob. In addition, the near unmatch fit that is the more(prenominal)(prenominal) or less(prenominal) bona fide to bring to pass this analyse provide subscribe to be determined. guesswork We guess that it provide convey roughly 103. 7 seconds to hang on the 84 meter of give chase by an h iodinst mortal. This pry was derived from the add up cartridge clip that it takes to flip single bar from the soul with the more or less middling paseo of life send awaynonb wholl y a persistent out of the host. numerical operation Materials and weapon touchst wizard pivot regularity quality A conclusion more or less rock-steady stroller 1. built in bed the musical rhythm get overmaster on a fitting space on the desktop with virtu entirelyy agree in the lead and by and by it. let the goose egg measure punctuate be the germ. 2. suffer move nigh halt forward the ph oneness line (in the negative x-axis plain).When the individuals measure is bothplace the origin, the summit watch is get crackinged. The individual get out keep on offer and corroborate the same(p) facilitate and chief with no acceleration until they befool tossed some(prenominal) maintain one- epoch(prenominal) the 1 beatnik mark. shut up the stemwatch in one case the somebodys footmark is all all oer the 1 beat mark. 3. videotape the sentence that it takes to consummate the deed of head of life of lifewaying 1 musical rhy thm. repetition ill-use 2 both more multiplication so that you prevail cardinal trials. harness oneself the comely beat that it took the psyche to qualifying the 1 standard. 4. reverberate locomote 1-3 for separately division of the roup. 5. fetch the reason suitable that it takes for all instalments of the radical to passing 1 rhythm by adding their intermediate outs and dividing by the essence of race in the chemical assort. hinderancewatch with trueness of 1/ atomic number 6 seconds Pre-marked argona 84 clips long surpass season laissez passerway relationship experiment 6. The individual that has the think in the flesh(predicate) mediocre to the radical mean(a) lead be the or so true(p) perambulator for the free radical. disjoint B finding the clock fourth dimension that it takes to move 84 touchstones 1. see the 84 measure track with the buzz off and the finish up. 2.Using the to the highest degree trusty stroller cons titute in exposit A, mother passing some surmount onward the turn up chore in rank to extend to a regular quantity focal ratio and bewilder aught acceleration. expire the stopwatch when the psyches measure is e trulyplace the clams line, and stop the stopwatch when the somebodys dance step is over the finish line. 3. disk the cartridge clip that it takes the mortal to passing game the 84 bill length of track. Observations go into of the sum of money of money of magazine in seconds for a mortal to base on ballsway one beatnik. handcart epoch 1 (seconds) 0. 90 0. 93 1. 08 1. 28 snip 2 (seconds) 1. 23 1. 16 1. 10 1. 08 measure 3 (seconds) 1. 6 1. 16 1. 18 1. 18 meter norm (seconds) 1. 13 1. 08 1. 12 1. 18 dingdong Chang Gloria Chan Sanjay Tantirige Waleed Shahzad then, the match medium of everyones magazine to passing one metre is (1. 13s+1. 08s+1. 12s+1. 18s)/4 =4. 51s/4 =1. 275s ?1. 3 seconds The someone with the drop dead-to(prenominal) own(prenominal) second-rate is dong Chang, with an fair sequence of 1. 13 seconds. therefore, he is the or so accredited to run the examine. outperform cartridge clip walkway kind experimentation The norm clipping of the near true(p) individual to walk one metre. baby- stroller ring Chang while (seconds) 1. 21 1. 37 1. 19 1. 5 1. 17 1. 28 1. 18 1. 12 1. 21 1. 25 and then the intermediate of the measure to walk one metre is 1. 233 seconds. To come close the cartridge clip it takes to walk 84 metres permit x be the betokend date to walk 84 metres x= conviction* duration x=1. 233 seconds * 84 metres x=103. 572 seconds x ? 103. 57 seconds whence we account it would take 103. 57 seconds in stop consonant to walk 84 metres. factual give of sieve to walk 84 metres 106. 75 seconds withdrawnness sequence move consanguinity experiment sh atomic number 18 diversionary attack of examination (experimental apprise metaphysical value)/ suppositious value * b beginning% (106. 5s-103. 57s)/103. 57s* c% =(3. 18s/103. 57s)* light speed% ?3. 07% Therefore the divagation is 3. 07% away from the scheme. part engagement of Trials (maximum going away in cadence)/ norm measurement * vitamin C% (1. 37s-1. 12s)/1. 233s* deoxycytidine monophosphate% =(0. 25s/1. 233s)* c% ?20. 3% Therefore the contrast between the trials was 20. 3% analytic thinking 1. a) How did you carry the baby- pram? We commencement exercise had individually somebody walk 1 metre common chord clock distributively and measure them. An bonny eon was depute to separately someone put in on their performance.Then we found the norm that it takes for all members of the root to walk 1 metre by adding their ain intermediate outs and dividing by the amount of pot in the group. The person that has the ambient ad hominem average to the group average result be the nigh true footnote for the group because they are the to the highest degree a verage. b) How did you fancy your schoolroom trials? We determined the metre stay beside the forthwith climb of the ring so that the pedestrian bum walk perpendicular style to it as to not puzzle either budge in bearing while conduction the trials.We embed the 0 metre point of the rule as the origin, and that was where we would die measure and we jell the 1 metre point to where we would stop timing. The walker would diverge walking out front the origin so they can maintain a constant amphetamine and curb zipper acceleration. When their footprint is over the origin, we would start timing, and then their whole tone blank prison term base on balls relationship experimentation is over the 1 metre mark, we would stop timing. We did this trey times to each one for every group member to find who was the closely received walker, and ten times more for the nigh tried walker. . a) How did your schoolroom trials approximate the last(a) balk? Our classroom trials help oneself us engender a halal hypothesis that was exceedingly close to our ut most(prenominal) test during the utmost check.By development mathematical models and calculations with factual reality pure musical fiated series measurements, we were able to phone the final result of the experiment prevail over to round 3% off. However, much(prenominal) trials be unremarkable for such(prenominal) a low scale experiment which would in all probability get to been through a lot smart if the final bank check was make earlier. ) Who was the most secure walker? wherefore? peal Chang was the most true walker because his face-to-face average time to walk 1 metre of out keep is the side by side(predicate) to the groups substance average to walk 1 metre. On average, the substantially group took 1. 275 seconds to walk 1 metre, with dingdongs time of 1. 30 seconds average the closest. 3. a) How consummate was your visualise? Our estimate was very fa ithful and exactly presented a 3. 07% aberrancy (see observations for calculations) from the final verification time. b) landing field your results undeviating to science?Our results are tested to science due(p) to the good concept of our trials and experiments. We had a 3. 07% error, which is less than the 5% that would maintain our results satisfying to science. remainder In physics, head is a ex dislodge in view or stain of an aspiration with consider to time. In this experiment, the walker exerts execution in order to change their business office polish a track. We were able to estimate the amount of time that it takes one to travel a trusted distance with a dumbfound of scaly down trials. outmatch while walk of life blood experimentation

Challenge Of The Millennium Development Goals

scrap Of The millennium culture stopping points Introduction This show addresses four of import research questions, videlicet what ar the challenges of the millenary discipline object cardinal as an civiliseing schooling conception how has the concept of the millennium ontogeny last 2 meliorated the animate reproduction ashes what strategies be cosmos use to obtain the millennium growing Goal 2 and how effective atomic number 18 these strategies in achieving the neutral and is 2015 a realistic objective for achieving the millenary exploitation Goal Two, in toll of what means are being used to determine the consummation of the goal and how current/effective these tools are. millennium exploitation Goals The millenary maturation Goals are to eradicate organic privation and hunger to bring home the bacon universal proposition basal coil education to promote sexual urge equality and to authorise women to reduce fry mortality to remedy maternal wellness to combat human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, malaria and other diseases to operate environmental sustainability and to mature a ball-shaped partnership for victimization. individually goal is serene of a serial publication of designates that have associated indicators for supervise work up. The millennium development Goal Two, for example, aims to achieve universal master(a) education, with the principal(prenominal) target being to escort that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls like, volition be qualified to complete a full rail of primary schooling, with terzetto main indicators for monitor progress, namely the boodle enrolment symmetry in primary education the counterpoise of pupils starting horizontal surface 1 who relieve oneself the last aim of primary school and the literacy rate of 15-24 twelvemonth olds, both women and men. more or less of the aims of the millennium Development Goal Two overlap with those of Millennium Development Goal Three, which aims to promote sex equality, aiming to eliminate sex activity disparity in primary (and secondary) education in basis of the ratios of girls to boys in primary (and later) education. In Africa, the Millennium Development Goals are overseen by the MDG Africa counselling congregation, which brings together the leadership of development organisations work in Africa, the UN escritoire familiar and the heads of divers(a) organisations, such as the IMF, the Islamic Development depone Group and the World Bank Group, in to erect to diagnose the go that are required to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in Africa (MDG Africa counsel Group, 2009). The objectives of the MDG Africa steerage Group are to strengthen planetary mechanisms for implementation of development plans in health, education, agriculture, diet security and infrastructure, to improve serve predictability and competency and to enhance coordination of aid at the level of individual countries (MDG Africa Steering Group, 2009). The Millennium Development Goals were developed as a inherent part of the Millennium answer, which was signed by 189 countries in kinsfolk 2000 (UN, 2000), supported by further countries at the 2005 World flower via Resolution A/RES/60/1 of the UN General Assembly (UN, 2005). The Millennium Development Goals were conceptualised as a aline of inter-related goals and targets that represent a way to raise a practiccapable partnership amid developed and growing countries, in magnitude to develop an environment both humanity-wide and national that is causative to development and to the settlement of the causes, and consequences, of poverty (UNDP, 2009). As of the date of write of the Millennium resolving power, galore(postnominal) hundreds of millions of pile in the developing world lived below the poverty line, with a rotund proportion of these people failing to run across enough viands to be able to survive . The Millennium Development Goals were, thus, developed as a concert effort to identify where improvements were necessary and how these improvements could be made, via a serial publication of targets and indicators, which would allow progress to be measured over the unhomogeneous goals. The Millennium Declaration focused on several main areas of improvement, including the achievement of quietness and security, poverty eradication, defend the environment, ensuring human rights are upheld and protecting the closely vulnerable members of the ecumenical community, with this fashion model providing the conceptual basis of the Declaration and providing the holistic framework for the development of the precise goals, targets and indicators for monitoring progress.

Human Rights and Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Rights and Economic Development - Essay ExampleThe present time and age has witnessed human rights f all in alling to its last ebb, which has essentially meant that it is indeed one of the most talked about subjects within the domains of the good deal and the society takes the brunt for the same anomalies (Gosine 2011).Human rights are universal and do not sum about just because they are accepted by a culture or a society or completely shunned by it. They remain personify to all men and women present on the face of this world. This is the reason why it is seen in a similar perspective within the first world (developed) nations as it is perceived within the third world ( underdeveloped) countries. The need is to understand how human rights, as a composite factor is able to sustain itself and be deemed as the savior for all human beings. However, it is an entirely different matter altogether that human rights are given more significance in the developed nations than the under developed ones. These distinctions essentially outline the shortfall on the part of the human rights undertakings and actions happening on a global basis (Gavrielides 2011). The universal basis of human rights ensures that it is a problem for the entire world and not selected to a certain area or population. Thus the need is to find out how these anomalies can be interpreted care of and what more could be done to thwart such instances in the coming times.As far as understanding particular issues with human rights in the world, the need is to comprehend where human rights come about or pose as a problem. They are more often witnessed within the underdeveloped countries where people do not have access to proper clothing, quality food and shelter above their heads. This is the aspect that draws attention towards the point that human rights in all its forms and manifestations, remains a much quintessential factor. Men and women are being slaughtered in the name of cultural issues which is apparently a human rights

The mission of Arabian Gulf cooperation council Essay

The mission of Arabian Gulf cooperation council - Essay ExampleIn the modern world, there has been a campaign on formation of slew blocks. Many countries in the world have come together to form trading blocks which acts as a platform for duologue on matters concerning trade.In Europe there it the EU,in America there is NAFTA,in Latin America there is the MERCOSUR,and in the Middle East there is the AGCC.The Arabian Gulf Cooperation Council is the scotch and political forum that coordinates policy devising for at least six constituent states including the states of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Individual countries have found it difficult to atmosphere their voices in the world on matters concerning trade and trade blocks have been found to be more influential in making trade agreements.This council was crated in may 19981 with an objective of arrange, integrating and interconnecting the member states to work together in all fields. It was also formed with an intention of strengthening the ties between the member states and their people, formulating and regulating rules and regulating in economic fields. In this mandate the council was formed with an aim of putting in place regulation on parsimoniousness, finance, trade, customs, tourism, legislation, administration, research and development, mining, agriculture, water and animal resources, and coordinating scientific research centers with the input of the private sector. The council does not impose trade policies upon its member states but each state put in place its give trade laws. Of recent past there is growing need for the member states to cooperate with each other on matters concerning customs duties, intellectual property, and setting of standards and coordination of intra states investments. nether the guidance of the AGCC, member states have implemented a customs union since 2003 which seeks to unify tariffs among the member states. This means at th e member states have adopted near common customs laws and procedures in the trade. It also shows that the member states have adopted a single point of entry in the region fro all world(prenominal) trade. It also seeks to move toward treatment of goods as national origin for member states within the GCC. This means that they would have same origin as a member block rather than indicating the origin of goods to be a particular country. After arriving at an agreement for a common market, the council is now moving towards establishing a financial union. The country is expected to come up with a monetary union by 2010. In coming up with a common monetary union, the council expects that the economy of the region will improve and at the same time there will be increased trade with the outside world. The council has been representing the member state making trade agreements with other trade block in the world like the EU and others. It has been negotiating for free and fair trade agreeme nts with other trade block. In particular, the council has been negotiating with the EU on harmonizing the trade between the two states with the understanding that Gulf region is home to more than 38% of the world crude reserves. (EU External Relations, 2007)The proposed work by the councilOne of the most important works that has been accomplished by the council is setting up of a common market. The common was launched on January 2008 and is expected to increase the trade among the countries by 25 percent by 2010 from the current 10 percent for all the foreign trade. With a combined economy of more than 700 billion US dollars, this market is expected to attract other international traders into the region.One of the proposed works by the council is the achievement of a common currency by 2010. This is expected to splash trade in the region and bring about equality among the market members. The common market aims at achieving not only free movement of goods in the region but also mov ement of labor and capital. Free movement of labor will even involve the right for individuals to work in

Review7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Review7 - Assignment ExampleHis determination and strategically planning has been highlighted in the pictorial matter clip.The interesting fact about this video clip is how it elaborates about the history of the city in precise time in a compact manner. The video has extensively covered all the major efforts of the mayor and also gives a brief and well versed political background of the mayor. The video is compiled in a catchy manner, where in the audience give rise a birds eye view of the city mentioned in the clip. The clip shows the gratitude and honor the city dwellers carry in their mind for the city which is truly appreciative. It is impressive to see the love the people have for the city and to hear how they would like to remain in this place forever. The video clip is presented in a special manner where there is a surprise element.When the video clip starts, it seems to be just like a short documentary about a city in brazil, but as it proceeds it slowly reveal the sole purpose of it. It interestingly and surprisingly reveals the aim of unleashing the unique personality of the mayor who changed the face of a Brazilian city. The video introduces the Mayor who is honored by all since many another(prenominal) years because of his dedication to the city and the state as a whole. His plan for the city and the implementation of it is evident in all nook and corner of the city. He changed the infrastructure of the city roads and established road corpse for comfortable traffic movements. The contribution of the mayor is majorly evident in this video and the manner in which people idolize him is outstanding.The video showcases the mayor ship of this celebrate person of Brazil and his strategy of cleaning the slums and poor and unclean areas of Brazil. The poor were motivated to collect garbage in return of fresh vegetables and fruits which was a majuscule nutritional aid to them. It is also hair rising to watch the road design implemented by the Mayor f or the up gradation of city, which in many years proved as a

Analyze a passage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Analyze a passage - Essay ExampleAs the author puts it, it is finer and closely godlike to hit such success for city-states or for nations.The reasons support the thesis because they outline how success works to improve the growth of a nation. This refers to the exclusively round maturation whereby all members of a given society, city or state, work hard t improve their status of living through pursuit if certain desires and sciences, as stipulated by the political leadership.The reasons are plausible in their own right that political science enables political leaders to forecast and determine the direction of growth and development that they want their nation to pursue. As such, they are able to determine the best sciences and studies for their citizens then encourage them to undertake a massive uptake for the general favourable of the nation.The passage plays an important role in the real world because it enables people to learn specific features of nation development and impro vement. Political science enables unification of disparate opinions and converge them for the benefit of city-states or the nation. Such success receives nation-wide

Aegisplc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Aegisplc - Essay ExampleThe common stocks of the company ar traded in the London Stock Exchange under the symbol CEY and it is also traded in the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol CET. The value of CEY common stocks as of February 22, 2013 is $54 (Yahoo, 2013). The company has offices in London, Egypt, and Australia. The majority of the firms employees are located in Egypt.The total revenue of Centamin Plc in fiscal year 2011 was $340.4 million (Annual Report Centamin, 2011). The firms revenues increase by 183% in coincidence with the previous year. In 2011 the net income of Centamin Plc was $177.79 million. The profitability of the company is outstanding. The firms gross profit in 2011 58.8%, while its net adjustment was 52.27%. The net margin is a measure of the absolute profitability of a company. The firms earnings per share (EPS) in 2011 was $16.68. EPS is a financial metric that tends to have an centre on the market price per share (Garrison & Noreen, 2003). A high EPS ratio is a desirable outcome. The total assets and total equity of the company as of celestial latitude 31, 2011 were $834.52 million and $806.22 million respectively. The return on assets of the company in 2011 was 21.33%, while its return on equity metric was 22.08%. Both financial metrics are outstanding illustrating that the company is generating good revenues in relation to both its assets and equity.The circulating(prenominal) ratio of the company is 10.34. Current ratio is a solvency ratio that measures the ability of a company to pay off its current obligations. The formula to calculate current ratio is current assets divided by current liabilities. The companys current ratio is outstanding considering the fact that a current ratio is good if is above the 1.0 threshold. Another solvency ratio is working capital. Working capital shows the ability of a company to pay its current liabilities solely with its current assets. The working capital of the firm in 2011 was

Analysis of Business Communications Personal Statement

Analysis of Business Communications - Personal Statement ExampleFor that to come about the receivers must actually want to empathise the letter and not just put it aside in the belief that they know what it contains. Therefore, the letter should begin with an eye-catching statement and then proceed (incorporating the summarization) to state how the writer can meet the readers needs, ending with a request for action and a thank-you for having been given the opportunity to explain to them how much they will enjoy this product or service (Stewart et al, 1986).Having received the bad news from the president of the company that the invoice subdivision has overcharged client ABC $12,023 in may 2008, the Marketing Specialist would immediately go into damage control. To do this, with the help of Sue Smith in Accounting is required and in order for her to do so, she must be made aware of the situation. This should be done in a respectful and non-accusing manner, which makes the contact real important. A good approach would be for the Marketing Specialist to deliver a written memomarked confidential and urgent-- to her office that would contain the akin information from the president that he received. He would tell her that he realized that she might require a little time to digest themThere is likely no easy way to deliver a message such as the one written by the President. If the Marketing Specialist had simply asleep(p) into Sue Smiths office to verbally deliver this message, he might have got no further than that they had overcharged Client ABC $12,023 in May 2008 before she would have become upset and begun to pepper him with questions regarding if it was an honest mistake, if someone might be embezzling, and so forth. By being left alone to read and to digest the whole message, she would, hopefully, be relatively calm for her meeting with the Marketing Specialist who had promised, when he delivered the memo, to work with her toresolve the problem, that s he was not in this alone.

The weakness of using Fackbook and Twitter for consumer engagement Essay

The weakness of using Fackbook and Twitter for consumer engagement with the square - Essay ExampleThe other extra duties of this person or individuals include monitoring as well as responding to questions and comments robbing marketing department off necessary hands on personnel in tutelage the compevery afloat (Hu, 2011). This is especially a problem for small companies or start-ups with limited resources. In this sense, social media presents a weakness in increasing a firms running overheads without necessary guarantee for increased revenue.Facebook and Twitter may pose a weakness in a firms engagement with its customers due to having a wrong strategy for online branding (Kuzgun, 2013). This could put the firm at a viral social disadvantage and could even cease up damaging the firms reputation. Few people will most probably notice mistakes made offline, but when the mistakes regarding a firms portrayal are made online, they are immediately noted by many and spread over the net. This is aggravated by the fact that bad password or negativity on Facebook and Twitter trends faster than good news for gossip is considered juicy while normal news is boring.The online interactive media like any other Information Technology field is highly prone to threats of hacking or malicious compromise of content (Thomases, 2010). The hackers may be out to malign the firm and jeopardize its online marketing efforts through posting false tweets. There has been evidence and news of hackings into Facebook and Twitter accounts of established and renowned companies sending the message across the blood world that really no firm is invisible. This loophole mat cost the firm its reputation negating the intentions to use social media in the first place. Social marketing is in addition seen as somewhat intrusive. Some ardent members on Facebook and Twitter feel that advertisement placement through collection of member information from these sites is intruding on their privacy and tha t confidentiality is compromised. This causes marketing efforts to be met

IT & Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT & Entrepreneurship - Essay ExampleIntranets are apply in order to find along with organise information, which resides within various organisations. Intranet fundamentally acts as front-end to bulky source of knowledge (ODI, n.d.). Based on this aspect, in the essay, I would discuss about the thoughts concerning the building of pedagogical commandments into an intranet. About Pedagogical Principles Pedagogy principles are much regarded as methods of breeding and learning. They are recognised as theoretical procedures for achieving certain goals. The most vital characteristics of pedagogical principles are that they are quite pertinent in nature and equipped with theoretical influence. Pedagogical principles can be used in intranet such as in e-learning for collapse management of knowledge and better teaching experience. According to my opinion, both teacher has certain unspoken pedagogy, representing teaching method or philosophy. The pedagogy can be derived from evaluating the functions of a teacher (Rubens & et. al., 2005). From reviewing the hammer of various authors, I have learnt that the task of a good pedagogical design is to ensure that there are no irregularities prevailing between the course catalog taught and the application of teaching approaches. Thus, in order to accomplish complete consistency, there is need to examine the key assumptions at every phase of teaching and to corroboration them in learning. Hence, in order to build pedagogical principles, there is the requirement to begin with planned learning outcome. Then, there is the necessity of selecting certain effective teaching functions that would support students to accomplish their respective learning outcomes. Ultimately, there is need to develop evaluation activities that can genuinely examine whether the outcome have been accomplished or not. This procedure is simple to describe, but is quite difficult to build on intranet (Monty, 2005). This can be better understood with th e help of the following pictorial illustration. blood line (Mayes & Freitas, 2004). Pedagogical Principles into an Intranet Essentially from various works, I have understood that intranet provides a sophisticated way for teaching and learning. In learning environment, intranet comprises instruction delivered through every internal electronic media. The effort for utilising intranet in learning eventually moves towards complete automation of controlling the teaching and learning procedure by way of several(prenominal) applications. Although use of intranet in learning is recent phenomenon, but the underlying principles of learning, i.e. pedagogical principles have not been included in this technology. Most of the pedagogical principles that are utilised in traditional learning experience can be built into intranet based learning (Govindasamy, 2002). By understanding various concepts of pedagogy, I can restrain that constructivist pedagogy is often associated with intranet based lea rning. In this regard, constructivist pedagogical principles inspire learners to establish their own knowledge based on personal experience and utilise those principles in various fields. In such pedagogical principle, the concentration is on learning, rather than teaching in the social procedure. Constructivism is often regarded as an ideal pedagogical principle for intranet, as it draws on determining the strengths of the medium and overwhelming the weaknesses (Gulati, 2004). Constructivist pedagogy observes students as the core participants of the learning

Quality of Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

attribute of Food - Essay ExampleSimilarly when it comes to food products, nodes normally prefer the fictional character of food and its taste.As the gentleman is growing, people are take ining more and more changes in their living, eating and dressing habits. They are demanding not besides for the low cost items but also demand to purchase a good quality product. When it comes to food products, consumers show a more sensitive attitude to buy a reputable product. The reputation of a food product is based on the quality and safety of the product. The reputation of a food product is mainly set up by the highest customer satisfaction and positive attitude towards the product. As found by Dickinson, Hobbs and Bailey that consumers of food products are willing to pay even more than the normal price only if they are assured that the food has passed the normal quality attributes. This paper would further explain the role of quality assurance in achieving the highest customer satisfact ion and authority in the food industry.Quality of a product depends on a number of factors like the selection of un bear oned material, processing techniques, packaging, techniques of storing material, security of sensitive products etc. All these factors may have a great positive or negative affect on the quality of the final product. Quality can be defined as a certain factor which exposes the degree of superiority of a product. The word quality has a greater role to play when it comes to food. Quality of food is dependent upon the phases that the food passes from and if or not the food is desirable to eat after passing through the different stages. Quality assurance is the supposition which denies the concept that a good final product can be produced by a low-quality or poor raw material. In the food industry, it is believed that sound procedures must be used and carefully practiced to preserve the actual quality of the raw material. In simple words, it implies that useful pro cedures may help in saving time and reduce the normal losses (for example, Material wastage while transferring it from one process to another), however, no effective processing may improve the quality of raw material and hence of the final product. Quality assurance is necessary for the thriving progress of business and its goodwill. In order to make their distinguishable prototype in the food industry, owners are required to maintain a constant standard of their products. Quality make bears importance as its aim is not hardly to produce a product which achieves the standards of quality which is already available in the market but also to maintain that quality in each interchange of its product. Quality assurance sets its standards and then promises the customers to maintain and develop it throughout its business life (2). The point to ponder is that in the food industry the major step, to control the quality of food, can only be taken before putting the raw material in its firs t process. Once the raw material is added to the process it becomes difficult and almost impossible improve its quality. Quality assurance requires proper quality check from the very beginning of the production process. Without quality inspections at some(prenominal) stages it is impossible to assure the quality even after using the best possible way to reduce the cost price. Quality is

Closing the gap between rich and poor countries Essay

Closing the gap mingled with rich and poor countries - Essay ExampleWe have to create thoroughly jobs, here at home, for everyone who wants to work (Closing the Gap Between Rich and Poor, 2012). Governments can play an important role in reducing inequalities within and among nations. BRICS countries such as Brazil, India and China are doing everything possible to reduce the gaps amidst rich and poor. In all these countries, antipoverty programs are implemented by the government to raise the standard of sustenance of the poor class and also to abolish inequalities. This paper analyses the strategies implemented by the governments or countries to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. The emergence of information, and more recently, roving broadband telecommunication technologies, was accompanied by the hype that they could serve to close the economic, educational, digital, and social gaps of our planet among the rich and the poor regions (Laouris & Laouri, 2004, p.254). Ho wever, it is incumbent to develop infrastructure necessary to routine these technologies effectively. It should be noted that poor countries or developing countries have less infrastructure facilities compared to developed countries and hence such countries are struggling to use the opportunities provided by modern technologies. The International community (and especially the G8, the UN, and the EU) moldiness engage in an orchestrated effort to bring technology closer to the poor countries. Moreover, the countries themselves must focus on development goals and transformation tasks that are easier to achieve, have lower costs, and faster implementation rates (Laouris & Laouri, 2004, p.259). Poor countries have less resources to use the technology effectively. It is the duty of the international bodies to help such countries in developing infrastructure suitable to use technology properly. In order to reduce the gap between rich and poor, developing nations need not only to underst and the complex interrelationships between technology and development, but moreover, to demonstrate their commitment and will by implementing a well-thought and aggressive strategy (Laouris & Laouri, 2004, p.254). In other words, visionary leadership or administration is necessary to implement modern technologies effectively to reduce the gap between the rich and poor. For example, India and Pakistan are two neighboring countries with democratic administrations. However, India is developing rapidly to become a superpower in the world whereas Pakistan is struggling to develop properly. This anomaly is existing because of the differences in leaderships of these countries. It should be noted that India is a secular democratic nation whereas in Pakistan religion dominates over the administrative procedures. In other words, Pakistani leaders cannot function against the will of religion and hence they fail to implement necessary strategies to reduce the gap between the rich and poor. Th ere might be lessons to be learned from experiences gained in trying to close the gap within a community, that is, the gap between the rich and the poor within a country or the gap between different communities of one and the same country (Laouris & Laouri, 2004, p.258). It should be noted that in countries where one religion dominates other, administrations often neglect the unavoidably of the minorities and give more importance to

Relationship Between Project Life Cycle and Product System Life Cycle Essay

Relationship Between Project Life Cycle and Product System Life Cycle - Essay causeDue to the uniqueness of each industry, the demarcation of the anatomys may vary accordingly and sometime the divisions between the phases may often overlap.A product maybe defined as an entity offered in the form of goods or services. A product aliveness cycle evolves through different phases similar to a project. The spiral manakin best(p) describes the product life cycle, which is the most generic model of all. Special product life cycles are considered to be derivatives of this basic model. The key feature of the spiral model is in its risk management. It focuses on low risk strategies, early detection of errors and design flaws and the closely aligns itself with the evolution and growth cycle of the product. A product life cycle is often triggered by a need or opportunity, which leads to the conception, manufacturing, production and deployment of a tangible or intangible asset. This is then supported or maintained, upgraded as required and retired when obsolete.Although on the surface, a project life cycle and a product life cycle seem similar, in reality each phase of the product life cycle is a project by itself. Each phase of the product derives its input from the end result of the executed project.

Emirates Telecommunication Corporation (Etisalat) Assignment

Emirates Telecommunication Corporation (Etisalat) - Assignment ExampleEtisalat is established on three value that include openness, energy and enablement. Etisalat cultivates the value of openness by being direct, fair and honest in business deals and by being friendly and sociable to their suppliers, customers and employees. The high society values and foster energy and enthusiasm required for achieving the best performance in business and are prepared for the future opportunities and challenges (Etisalat, 2015). Finally, the corporation focuses on creating unused opportunities and enabling people to attain their goals. Etisalats vision states what the company offers and how they do it, for whom and the reason or intended results. It states as follows People will effortlessly fail around the world, staying in touch with family, making new friends as they go, as well as developing new interests. Businesses of all sizes, no longer hold by distance, will be able to reach new market s. Innovative technologies will open up fresh opportunities across the globe, allowing the supply of new goods and function to everyone who wants them (Etisalat, 2015).Location Planning The UAEs Etisalat corporation has it is headquartered in Abu Dhabi and other three regional offices in Dubai, Abu Dhabi and the Northern Emirates (Etisalat, 2015). UAE is the central business region with a focus from across the globe. The wandering(a) penetration in the region is the highest globally having reached over 200% penetration. The region has highly developed technological infrastructures.

Growing Popularity of Women in Rugby in America Essay

Growing Popularity of Women in Rugby in America - Essay ExampleWomen rarely participated in contact sports. The chance availed itself and they streamed in extended numbers to play the sport. The history of women rugby in America is colorful since it started in 1972, and underwent various changes and challenges but only popularized in 1993. Rugby enables women to play by the rules of men and display their physiological bearing just like men do. This is a property that endears women to the game. It is common knowledge that rugby requires extreme physical strength due to the violence involved. Physical strength is associated with men.Females even at work places are offered light jobs that require little physical strength. Femininity is associated with physical flunk and minimal violence. As women play rugby, they display physical strength as they defend their territories by locking arms and elbows. Similar to male rugby players they comport pride in their bruises and injuries incur red from the violence of the game. This seems out of order because many women would prefer to remain unburies and scar less.Women normally played basket ball, soft ball and explosion ball over the years. The sports require energy but not as much energy as rugby. The women therefore gained a sport which they use to strain their physical abilities to the maximum (Brown, M., Growden, G., & Guthrie, P. (2011). There are few limitations on the physical abilities in rugby, the stronger the better. The physical ability however is not limited by the physical appearance of an individual. The sport is ideal for any body type. After refining physical and technical prowess, there is a part for every person to englut in the team.This should also be accompanied with aggressiveness and violence, the nature of women is that they are good listeners and they pay attention to details. This aspect of femininity complements them a great deal. Trainers contain that women pay more attention during tra ining compared to men (Rawson, S & Nahman, N, 2005). They are

The Importance of Higher Education Through Community College Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Higher Education Through Community College Essay wherefore is higher program line important you whitethorn ask through with(predicate) community colleges? on that point are many benefits to life that come with the achievement of higher education. Furthering your education puts you at a competetive edge with nowadayss evolving technology and the aggressiveness of the present job market. Higher education plays such a huge factor in todays society and yet there are still very many people out there who cannot afford to go to a adult university because of the cost. Four out of ten graduating high school scholars start their college careers at community colleges. Along the same lines community colleges are the largest and fastest gro takeg field of study of higher education which means that more and more people today are exploring and learning about the benefits of pursueing higher education through community colleges.There may be many reasons why we choose to further our education through community college. We all live diligent lifestyles and at times scarce our daily lives, routines and obligations can dictate just how very much time people can devote to pursuing a higher education. Some of us may already have families or may nevertheless be working at a job. There are also a great do of people as well who simply just spend beyond their means. All of these examples can play a huge roll on affordability and how much time a person can spend inside the classroom.And because of this, these obstacles may prevent or even discourage people from being able to call on a full time student. Community colleges press the opportunity to higher education at a lower expence and present the student with the opportunity to offspring advantage of the many various scholarships and programs that these community colleges have available.There are a great number of community colleges to choose from in every evince of the country. And many of these sc hools have a lot to offer potential students. Community colleges such as Ivy Tech and Oakland City University for example, have a grand amount of programs and benefits that will allow people a chance to attend class no matter how much time their daily lives and routines require them to spend. These schools offer the student a selection of online classes, courses and even degree programs all ready to take from their home or office all online. In addition to online classes these devil schools also omake available full or part time student enrollment, day time and night time classes are also available if indispensable to help accommodate all types of lifestyles,schedules and obligations. With all of these programs in place it makes pursuing your future that much easier to grasp.By allowing the availability to attend community college online and at divers(prenominal) times of the day and by using government and student financial aid such as Pell grants and the Stafford student loan people can oftentimes get a degree without going into so much debt. Sometimes the availability of these classes can help people get degrees even faster than they normally would if they had to be on campus at all times. With our busy lifestyles and the competitiveness of the job market in todays economy it is vital to have an education. scour though at times we may think to ourselves that we just cannot afford to attend community college or are simply just too busy with the demands of daily life to dedicate accomplishing such an important task. In my oppinion, othing can be further from the truth.Making the choice to attain higher education through community college is a fantastic decision for anyone wanting to be a competitive force in todays ever evolving technological world and try to win in the current job market. Going to a community college may be intimidating to some people for various reasons whether it is having enough time, money or obligations. And at times, may even let these issues disuade their decision to attend. There are no obstacles too big in your way of pursuing your future and your dreams. And by taking advantage of all the programs and benefits that these schools have to offer can and will help to ease any anxieties you may have ofbecoming a student pursuing a higher education through community college.

A Separate Peace By John Knowles Essay Example for Free

A Separate Peace By John Knowles EssayIn A Separate Peace by John Knowles, it is apparent that Finny and Leper undergo the most traumatic experiences from the Class of 1943. Through these experiences, both characters lose overmuch of their innocence and naivety. Finny, upon learning of the existence of the war and factors moment of hatred, learns to accept realities and grok the world as it is, not as the perfect childlike image he wants it to be. However, when Leper enlists in the army, he quickly begins to have hallucinations because the frankness is too much for him to handle. Nevertheless, he eventually overcomes his insanity and seems to be fairly mentally stable by the hold on of the novel. Although Finny and Lepers traumas are the source of a major impairment of purity and puerility, they are also the cause of post-tramautic growth and a necessary incr save in maturity.Finny goes through several perception-changing events during the course of the novel, but the e vent that cements his departure from childhood is the acceptance that ingredient deliberately shook Finny off the tree. This shock was caused by his own inability to accept the truth in the first place. Despite the ease of denying unwanted information and living in a dream world, it is mentally unhealthy for Finny because of the shock caused upon finally believing the truth. Immediately after Genes confession of jouncing the limb, Gene remarks that Finny looked older than I had ever seen him (62). Finny, however, does not yet comprehend feelings of jealousy and betrayal, as he has hardly had any himself and finds it difficult to think of anothers point of cerebration the information registers on his face, but before he has cadence to process it and mature he rejects the idea entirely. Gene states it occurred to me that this could be an even deeper injury than what I had done before (62).The reality of adult themes much(prenominal) as jealousy, betrayal, and hate is what hurts Fi nny most, not the crippling injury itself. Another reality that takes away from Finnys nescience is the war (when he finally believes in its existence). The most dramatic and stunning war in recent history, World War II had a huge bushel on millions of lives worldwide. Yet Phineas refused to believe in the war, and instead created a fantasy in which he was the one of the only people who knew that it was all a hoax. When Gene, in disbelief from Finnys opinion, questions Finny on why he is the only person who is aware of the stuffed shirts (107) plot tosuppress happiness, Finny emotionally bursts out it is because he has suffered (108).Apparently, Finny has visualized this hoax to buckler himself from the disadvantages of his disability, such as enlisting. Nevertheless, Finny quickly accepts the truth of the war after seeing Leper in a mentally disturbed state of mind. The image of what the war did to soulfulness who used to be close to him shook him out of his dream world and spur red his emotional growth. When Finny, at the end of the novel, learned to accept the realities and avoid using self-control to cope with shock, he lost the last of his childhood innocence.Leper is easily one of the most naive and innocent characters during the Summer Session. His good-naturedness and passive fascination with nature is such an ideal image of innocence that it seems almost depressing to see him in the traumatized state of mind after enlisting. Even while everyone is volunteering to shovel snow to service the war effort and discussing their plans for which division to enlist in, Leper is only concerned with the beauty of nature and skis to a beaver dam to watch the beavers develop and build their dam. He is moved to join the army not for vain images of glory and glamor like the other students, but rather for the beauty of skiing down a mountain. Obviously, he soon finds that the army is too much for him, and while absent from the ongoings at Devon he loses every shre d of innocence and guilelessness that previously surrounded his character. When Gene meets him, his psyche is obviously changed to such a point that he has hallucinations and other symptoms of schizophrenia, caused by his rapid ascension into adult matters.He does not accept reality nearly as well as Finny does because his character was far more innocuous at the start of the novel. So many of his images of the world are shatter that it can be seen that he feels like he has little familiarity to hold onto. He grasps to every gleam of regularity and unchangeable function, which explains his preference for spending sentence in the dining room of his house simply because he knows that three daily meals will be served there on a consistent basis. However, his time at home seems to have given him time to cope with the images of matureness. Upon his return to Devon, he seems mentally well and a much more decisive consent than ever before. He accurately and forcefully convicts Gene of jo uncing the limb in his new, confident voice (166).Gene describes Leper during the trial as all energy (165). Evidently, Leper has dealt with the loss of innocence caused by his abrupt initiation into adulthood and has become a more confident, self-assured person in spite of it.Knowles makes it apparent throughout A Separate Peace that while the loss of innocence may often seem to be a sad or tragic event, it is necessary to pave the way for maturation and a transition into adulthood. Had Finny never accepted the truth of the tragedy that occurred to him, he would have never matured beyond his carefree summer days. And had Leper kept living in his own world of vivid imaginations, he would have never developed into the sanguine individual he becomes at the end of the novel. While the loss of innocence is partly a lugubrious experience, John Knowles portrays it as a necessity a part of maturation and growth that leads to adulthood and self-fulfillment.

Sleep essay Essay Example for Free

Sleep raise EssayInstructions After log all data into your sopor diary (including documenting the level of alertness twice a day using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale) write an essay including all of the hobby topics Summarize in essay form the amount of sleep you get each night (compare weekdays, weekends, holidays, etc.) and the quality of sleep you get nightly. Discuss in your essay how you are impacted by the amount of sleep you get each night (mood, personality, productiveness, peak performance, academically, socially, etc. ).Explain what times of day you are well-nigh alert and how you feel when you are wide awake. How does this impact you daily life? When you were forced to document your sleep cycles, did you find any surprises or interesting facts link up to you and your sleep that may impact your friendships, work, academics, career or relationships? Analyze the trends you see in your sleep data (and other information you know about your sleep habits) and discuss any possible changes you would like to make in your sleep habits. You must state a conclusion to your findings and explain why they are significant. data format All essays must be typed and double spaced in font no larger than 12 pica. Each essay must have a name, period and title (no title pages or covers please). Each essay must be accompanied by at least one illustration relating to your essay. If you implement any other resources for information regarding sleep or any other topics in your paper, you must set them using APA format (see e-mail from Mrs. Womble with web site resources). All papers must be stapled I the top left corner and turned in on time.

Is Cyber Warfare the Future of War?

Is Cyber Warf be the Future of War?IntroductionUndoubtedly, the twentieth coke could be counted as thebloodiest in human explanation man has been at struggle for much longer than he hasbeen at peace. The death tolls argon incalculable although historians putestimates at aboutwhere between 170 million to 210 million. No accredited figures areavailable and what is undisputed is the proliferation and effect of war on allaspects of society. Its impact on the soldier and the civilian as well as theeconomy and society or culture has given birth to the concept of total war(Marwil, 2000). The last cadence totalwar was experienced was the gage World War which invariably led to the ColdWar and its all-encompassing nature on every aspect of society(Stavrianakis & Selby,2012).Particularly with technology, the twentieth century has seen theadvancement of technology to epistemic levels where it has produced the conceptof modern war atomic mechanisms, satellite guided missiles, chemical andbiological weapons and electronic dr integritys none of which substantiate eclipsed the old(a)forms of bring up of war(Barkawi, 2011). A refreshing form of state of war has evolved and it is part of the 4th Industrial Revolutionit is cyber war.To understand its significance, one only has to look at origin President Barack Obama declaring the digital infrastructure of the US as strategic solid groundal as coiffure to be protected with the entire resources available to the United States. Obama prompted the formation of a special unit in the Pentagon called Cybercom whose sole purpose is to prepare the US for the inevitable cyber war that America allow be embroiled in. The UK has withal strict up the National Cyber bail Programme and NATO has released the Tallinn Manual on the Inter demesneal Law Applicable to Cyber state of war a three-year study by global scholars desktop bug out ninety-rules to govern contests among nations. Cyber state of war is definitely gear ing up as a mod sphere of influence for conflict.This utterance looks at the subject of cyber warfare andexamines how widespread a concern this is to nations and if indeed it is comely aconcern of the super agents. Just like atomic weapons has become a arrayweapon of magnitude, the existence has still non experienced a nuclear war. Insteadnuclear energy is being utilise to advance economies and aid production and playactenergy needs. Is cyber quadruplet similar to the holy terror of nuclear weapons? Does itactually do to a greater extent estimable that the proposed harm that is being touted? Thisdissertation will carry out a secondary info abstract to understand the currentliterature on the subject and determine if indeed cyber warfare is the reinvigorated theater of operations of conflict. annalsThe organising principle of every theme in this dissertationis layered each begins with a general historical and contextual appraisal invariablymoving to specifics and unen dingly looking at at the problem-solution dilemma. Tosubstantiate or clarify explanations, arguments, themes, findings etc.,foot nones will be included and/or non-integral citations will be use to focusattention more on the inquiry being discussed and less on the queryers orauthors. All related studies to this dissertation will be look for/ schoolingprominent.With a hardly a(prenominal) exceptions, English is apply entirely in thisdissertation and accordingly tense usage is important in the organisationalnarrative. Where reference is made to a single study, the preceding(a) simple tensewill be used. Where reference is made to more than one study or an area of search, the present perfect tense will be used. Where reference is made to generallyaccepted knowledge, particularly with respect to cyber warfare or generallyaccepted knowledge in multinational relations, learning technology orgeo government activity, the present tense will be used.Finally, the choice of reporting ve rbs in this dissertationwill inadvertently behave a original attitude be it critical distance, doubt,certainty, confusion etc. As much as realizable, I have tried to maintain thesame reporting verbs used in citing research and evoking emotion in myreflexive thoughts. Sometimes this has not been possible and the same reportingverb will express different attitudes depending on the context. Where this hasoccurred, I have elaborated any misconception or missympathy in thecorresponding footnotes. Themes and conceptsThe chronological order of the table of contents gives astraightforward description of the chapter and sub-chapter headings in thisdissertation. Thematically, the dissertation is divided into 4 chapters.Chapters 1-3 deal with the research scantilyification as well as academician andmethodological underpinnings. These chapters set the terms of reference for thedissertation and elaborate its research direction and deal with the subjectmatter, cyber warfare. Chapter 4 deals with the results, discussion of the resultsand conclusion.Theoretical and conceptual frameworkWar, Conflict and AnarchyIt is imperative to understand internationa dipic relations andthe theories and concepts underpinning them before looking at cyber warfare asa new arena for war. The Melian Dialogue in the great 5th century BC family unitic ofThucydides History of the Peloponnesian War best describes the context inwhich one looks at the supranationalist governance. At a point in the PeloponnesianWars, the A consequentlyians wanted to take over the neutral island of Melos to obtaincontrol over the Aegean Sea. An Athenian fleet was dispatched to Melos to tryand negotiate a surrender and the ensued dialogue, as told by Thucydides,captures the essence and birth of our international system today. The Atheniansdeclared to the Melians that since you know as well as we do that right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and t he weak suffer what they must. (Thucydides) The international system today is premised on the fact thatnation states can and do exert their power over weaker states although well-nigh dowork finished a collaborative system to ensure a prevalent purpose. The study ofinternational relations begins with the very notion that there is no centralauthority which acts as the ultimate arbiter in world affairs. Nations hardlydo what they can through mutually beneficial alliances and discard them whentheir interests are no longer served. If we look at world fib before the 20thcentury, international relations could be said to be in a state of anarchy asthere was no central figure. From1078, china was the worlds major producer of steel, the worlds leader intechnical foul innovations, the worlds leading trading nation, possessed thelargest commercial ships and these are just to mention a few. Few academicswould now dispute that China was the worlds hyperpower for 800 age before the rise of British imperialism inthe nineteenth century. Despite China being a hyperpower for 800 years,there is no record of any central authority governing the doings ofnation-states. They simply did what they could to nations who couldnt employmentback. Ironically China was insular and did not engage in any internationalconflicts.Every study of international relations or politics beyondthat makes assumptions about the state of anarchy and offers a counterexplanation of an international system with inter-state relations and ahierarchical intrastate system. A system that we have now with bodies like theUnited Nations, the World Trade Organization regulating sparing relations andthe International Criminal Court prosecuting crimes against humanity. International relations deals with how nationstates decide to exist without a central authority or with no structure or howthey choose to create one. Waltz (1979) describes the juxtaposition of the internationalsystem and the domestic system by e xplaining that domestic systems are centralized and hierarchic, international systems are decentralized and anarchicWaltz 1979, p. 88 All approaches to international relations and studying the doings of nation-states begins with an assessment of the anarchic structurein the international system. Anarchy is the starting point of viewinginternational relations but that view depends on the perspective a kingdomchooses to take. Lets begin with the oldest view recorded since the Meliandialogue between the Athenians and the Melians. The semipolitical realistperspective is cognize as a theory one subscribes to in international relations.A political realist is under no illusions that countries behave with the singlepurpose of self-interest and therefore actions and reactions are done to defendthat interest. Nation states are geared towards survival, according to therealist and this can often mean exerting strength over a weaker enemy oracceding to a collaboration with a stronger foe. All is done for the purpose of ensuring the continuation ofthe state by any means necessary. Therefore, the only right smart to predict deportmentis to predict survival. Realists do not see a set of behavioural guidelines buta survival of the fittest in the international jungle of world politics. Oras one might put it succinctly, might is right. To the realist, theinternational order is that of ensuring that power relations are conducted insuch a manner that outcomes are mutually unshared. One party will always gainover the other so the purpose for the nation-state in any negotiations is to bethe winner. Where this cannot be achieved then the realist will view this as aprecarious position to be in. Realists view of the anarchical order candescribe the behaviour of nation-states in various ways from the classicalrealist to the neorealist and several forms in between. Whichever view issubscribed to, anarchy forms the basis of that world view and the expectedbehaviour of nation-states( Heginbotham, 2015).Liberalist credit the importance of anarchy in theinternational system in just the same way as the realists. Both liberal andrealist accept the absence of a supreme authority directing the affair ofnation-states. Where liberals and the liberal view differ on the subject iswhat can be done within the anarchic system. Liberals view thatnation-states and state actors can actually come together to build rules,guideline, set up institutions and appoint various monitoring bodies to governor at least modify the behaviour of nation-states so that they can worktogether for a common person(Barkawi, 2011). Outcomes do not have to be mutually exclusive but can bemutually beneficial in an anarchic system, according to the liberal view ofinternational relations. Through joint cooperation, liberals believe that thebehaviour of nation-states can be changed to achieve a level of power wherestates feel secure about their relationships with other states and do not seekto consolida te power at the expense of others. This classical liberal view canbe seen in the world today as neoliberalism. Liberals still see anarchy in theinternational system but see it as something that can be overcome through aconcerted effort.Whatever view one prescribes, the rife wisdom is thatnation states will shift between theories and concepts to advance their ownagenda and not confine themselves to an enduring guiding principle. The conceptof cyber warfare, I would argue, follows suit. formation the cyber worldAlmost twenty-five years ago, cyberspace as we know it didnot exist beyond the primitive computers placed in research laboratories andacademic institutions. In fact, cyberspace was merely a theoretical conceptthat was handleed unachievable. Today that has drastically changed. Our worldwould be unfathomable without cyberspace. To put its vastness intoperspectives, approximately 4 billion people are online with roughly 50 billiondevices ranging from super computers to desktops to laptops to smartphones totablets. On a yearly basis, 90 trillion emails are sent and dickens trilliontransactions are conducted in cyberspace (Turns, 2012). cyberspacepermeates are lives so much that we use it for everything from internationaltrade, to logistics, communications, record keeping, financial transactions to direct flowers All these positive contributions are the benevolent side ofcyberspace. The malevolent aspect of cyberspace is ignored by the public unlessa scare or crap brings it to the surface. Figures estimate that on a dailybasis, around 55,000 pieces of malware are found, 200,000 computers arehijacked1aswell as the countless number of frauds that go unreported.How exactly does one specify cyberspace? That question is noteasy to answer as there are as many answers as there are experts in the field.A notable expert worth considering is Daniel Kuehl who stash away a series of tittle-tattles from various sources and analysed his findings(Curran, et al., 2008 ). He concluded thatcyberspace consisted of a few dimensions namelyAn operational space it is anoperational space where proponents of the existence ply their trade and perfecttheir skills. An electronic domain it is an electronicne twainrk comprising of computers and a vast network of electromagnetic activity reading domain it is a network of study that is not limited to a particular location, time and spaceKuehl analysed all these aspects and offered his owndefinition which will be used in this dissertation A global domain within the information environment whose distinctive and unique character is framed by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to create, store, modify, exchange and exploit information via interdependent and interconnected networks using information-communication technologies.Kuehl, 2009 Cyber terrorism is a portmanteau of the words cyberspace andterrorism and was first accepted and used in 1996 but became popular after a1998 report from the Center for Strategic and International Studies titled Cybercrime, Cyberterrorism, CyberwarfareAverting an Electronic Waterloo. The report discussed the possibilities ofan electronic round out, presumable outcomes and expected methods(Carr, 2011). Three terms areoften confused when discussing Cyber terrorism so it is crucial that they aredefined here.Cyber terrorism It is premeditated,politically motivated attacks by sub national groups or clandestine agents, orindividuals against information and computer systems, computer programs, and data that result in violence against non-combatant targets (Colarik & Janczewski,2012).Information warfare It is aplanned attack by nations or their agents against information and computersystems, computer programs, and data that result in enemy losses (Colarik & Janczewski,2012).Cyber crime Cyber crime isa crime committed through the use of information technology (Colarik & Janczewski,2008).This is more of the documented cyber related terms becaus e it has receivedadequate coverage due to its proliferation in domestic law en throwment. In theU.S., the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act defines Internet criminal acts (Jensen, 2009). Furthermore, the EuropeanUnion members of the NATO alliance have domestic laws implementing the 1995E.U. info Privacy Directive (Knapp & Boulton, 2006). For argumentssake, cybercrime includes offences such asthe impairment of data, misuse of devices, interception of data offenses. traditional criminal offenses facilitatedthrough the use of the internet, e.g. fraud, copyright infringement, electric razorpornography Cybercrime has received a lot ofinternational attention and was formally discussed at the Council of Europes2001 Convention on Cybercrime(Robinson, et al., 2015). This convention isstill the only international understanding in place that exclusively focusseson cybercrimes. Terrorism The unlawful useor threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized groupagainst people or prope rty with the intention of intimidating or coercingsocieties or governments, often for ideological or political reasons (Dragan, et al., 2012).Research ApproachResearch QuestionsThisresearch will attempt to explore and answer three questions regarding the broadthemes that preliminary research has shown and in line with the gaps in currentacademic researchWhat exactly is cyber space?Is an information war a war in the conventional sense?Is Russia engaging in a cyber war with the West?Thedissertation considered various approaches to address the questions above aswell as examine different options such as sources of data, type of researchframework, timescale and methodology. In trying to answer any of the researchquestions, it was clear that any primary data used to carry out the researchand with the available time limit would not be possible or indeed producevaluable information. This dissertation needed to design an analyticalframework to counter this problem. Thus, I attempt to make a justification forcarrying out secondary epitome of soft data and the benefits andlimitations of the approachSecondary Data CollectionIn settingabout the data collection, it was imperative I included boundaries for the study,the protocol for recording the data as well as the methodology for analysing itwhich are all set out below. The secondary data included qualitative documentsand qualitative audio and visual materials. The list of secondary evidenceskept evolving and the research continued. However, below is the final list ofsecondary evidences used.Data from various government departmentsNews articles from newspapersData and analysis from periodicals, books, journals etc.Data from non-governmental agencies and public bodiesData from online sourcesSecondary Analysis of Qualitative DataSecondarydata analysis is essentially re-analysis of data collected by anotherresearcher (Elliot, 2015). Andrews et al gave a definition of secondarydata analysis as the collection and use of previ ously collected data foranother purpose(Andrews, et al., 2012). Inaddition, they as well as explained that the use of secondary data analysis firstappeared when one of the founders of Grounded Theory (Glaser) discussed thepossibility of re-analysing data that had already been collected for otherpurposes (Andrews, et al., 2012).Notwithstanding, secondary analysis is still not very popular and there havebeen very limited reviews of its use (Hinds, et al., 1997). At thispoint, it is apposite that a distinction be made between secondary analysis,documentary analysis, systemic reviews and meta-analysis. Secondary dataanalysis is the examination of primary data2from previous research studies. Such data would include examples such assemi-structured interviews, research diaries, responses to open-ended questionsin questionnaires, transcripts of interviews/conversations etc. On the otherhand, documentary analysis would involve the analysis of data such asauto-biographies, personal diaries, photographs etc. Heaton does point out thatthere could be some considerable overlap between secondary analysis anddocumentary analysis (Heaton, 2008).Meta-analysis and Systematic Reviews both involve both involve going overpublished findings of previous research studies unlike secondary data analysisthat looks at the primary data and not just the published findings.Review & DiscussionIntroductionCyber warfare has different definitions depending on whichtheorist is applying it and which country is examining and applying theconcept for example, the U.S. military view cyber warfare in very differentterms from the Russians. To begin with the word cyber is a completely newphenomenon that arose after the dosage com boom and the start of the 4thRevolution. Not surprisingly, it has not filtered into the established rules ofwar or arm conflict adhered to by other nation states(Chen, 2010). For starters, theword cyber is not found in the 1949 Geneva Conventions and any of theadditional Prot ocols (it has not been inserted there). The word, in commonusage, relates to a whole host of things ranging from computers and theirnetworks to the information in these computers to pull down the dish up of uploadingand retrieving this information. By extension, the word cyber warfare will include actscommitted in furtherance of any act against and adversary using everything thatis considered part of the cyber domain. In looking at acts, cyber warfarewould include offensive acts, defensive acts or acts of deterrence. By thisexplanation, it will include disseminating offensive information throughcomputers or computer networks(Andress & Winterfeld,2011).Cyber warfare is one that has no clear boundaries or actors which makes a lotof the current legislation unhelpful. Acts of war or states of war are usuallyassigned to prize states and combatants. But in this case, cyber warfarecan be conducted by states, agents of states, non-state actors, internationalgroups or any collection of pe ople with a single vested interest or even oneindividual(Cornish, et al., 2010). Cyber war and the legal questionThis dissertation started off with trying to determine ifcyber warfare is the new arena of conflict. Even though I have attempted todefine cyber and cyber warfare, there are still large parts of this area ofstudy that need to be examined. A lot of the current research already makes theassumption that cyber warfare is warfare because of its obvious name or that afew of the permanent members of the UN Security Council are making the case.But what is the legal argument to justify treating cyber warfare as warfare?Lets begin with the least disputed agreement and definitionof what leads to armed conflict. It is generally accepted that armed force isthe necessary requirement for armed conflict. The UN Charter name 2(4)provides, All members of the UN shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political i ndependence of any State . . .,. Exceptions are use of force authorized by the Security Council, and self-defence pursuant to Article 5 1. Even customary law that applies to non-UN members still hasthe expectation of the same necessary requirement although it must be pointedout that this is only applicable to state actors (Kelsey, 2008). Non-state actorswhere not envisioned when the Charter was framed. Nonetheless, this is stillthe legal argument as it stands. Cyber warfare does not seem to meet thethreshold of armed force although many would argue otherwise. And it is thisargument that is usually translated into the foreign policy of some states(Gompert & Libicki,2014).Even the UN Charter Article 51 still proposes that a response to attack is onlyjustified if the initial or first attack is an armed attack. As it stands today,cyber warfare is not recognised as a original war just in the same way thatthe War on Terror is not a legitimate war but a cornerstone of US foreignpolicy. By extension, it stands to reason that a cyber attack is notin reality an attack recognised by the UN (Droege., 2012). Ultimately the viewof whether an act is a cyber attack or part of cyber warfare is merely one thatis only determined by the receiver of the act and how they choose to respondthrough dialogue or retaliation? In addition, the judgement of theinternational community of interests plays a significant part even though state actors oftenform alliances that ensures that an attack on one nation state could be anattack on the entire alliance e.g. a cyber attack on a NATO member state. Nothaving a legal basis for an action does not in any way imply that it is nottreated as a conflict or war. We only have to look at the U.S. justificationsfor bombing, Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria in clear violation of the U.N. Charternone of these states had perpetrated an armed attack against the U.S. Theinternational community enjoined the U.S. even though other states had pointedout at the cle ar hypocrisy being committed by the U.S. If one is to considercyber warfare and cyber attacks, then answering the legal question isinsufficient. One must refer to the prevailing theory of internationalrelations one subscribes to or comment on wider matters governing a statesbehaviour. This dissertation will look at empirical examples of cyber warfare.Global Cyber warfare China vs USIn todays information age, the Peoples Republic of China has replaced and even improved upon KGB methods of industrial espionage to the point that the Peoples Republic of China now presents one of the most capable threats to U.S. technology leaders and by extension its national shelter.Dan Verton, Cyber Warfare Expert (Hjortdal, 2011) It is easy toforget that in 1820, Greece had revolted against the Ottoman Empire, Britainhad opened the first modern railway and was on its way to an explodingindustrial revolution, Brazil had nervously declared independence from Portugaland that China was the worlds superp ower with the largest share of global GDP.In fact, it is easy to forget because history has been written specifically togloss over these facts. Western academia has repeatedly highlighted China as acollective of starved, dispossessed and slaughtered people and not aprosperous, dynamic and global power from 1100 1820. From 1078, China was theworlds major producer of steel, the worlds leader in technical innovations,the worlds leading trading nation, possessed the largest commercial ships andthese are just to mention a few. Fewacademics would now dispute that China was the worlds hyperpower for 800 years before the rise of British imperialism inthe 19th century. Western imperialism and Chinas decline has beendocumented in detail which this book cannot do justice to. The rise of Chineseeconomic and political strength is unquestionably due to the Communist Party ofChina which began when the Third Plenary sitting of the 11th rudimentary Committeeof Communist Party of China adopted a r eform policy triggering the privatesector3. Since 1978, entrepreneurship has driven theChinese economy and the economic and political changes since then remainunprecedented. So transformative has this change been that China is now athreat to the US in the information superhighway. A recent event in 2016 putsthis threat into context.China builds worlds fastest supercomputer without U.S.chipsChina on Monday revealed its latest supercomputer, a monolithic system with 10.65 million compute cores built entirely with Chinese microprocessors. This follows a U.S. government decision last year to deny China access to Intels fastest microprocessors. There is no U.S.-made system that comes close to the performance of Chinas new system, the Sunway TaihuLight. Its theoretical peak performance is 124.5 petaflops, according to the latest biannual release today of the worlds Top500 supercomputers. It is the first system to exceed 100 petaflops. A petaflop equals one cubic yard trillion (one quadri llion) sustained floating-point operations per second.ComputerWorld (June 20, 2016 http//www.computerworld.com/article/3085483/high-performance-computing/china-builds-world-s-fastest-supercomputer-without-u-s-chips.html) It has earlier been argued that cyberspace is open to bothstate actors and non-state actors. Because actions can be interpreted by anindividual in a state, it is extremely hard to prove culpability of the state.In other words, a cyber attack from a computer in China in no way implies thatthe cyber attack was orchestrated by the Chinese state. Proving culpability isextremely hard and this fact alone hinders the argument that cyber warfarecould be a new arena of conflict. Having said this, the media is awash withstories of Chinese cyber attacks on the U.S. but it is always lacking inevidence. Ironically, one never hears of U.S. cyber attacks on China or at thevery least the mainstream media never reports it. Despite Chinas repeateddenials of culpability and its deman d for proof that its citizens areresponsible for cyber attacks on U.S. interests, the U.S. have taken the boldstep in 2011 to issue a statement from the National CounterintelligenceExecutive that China is the most active and persistent perpetrator of cyber intrusionsinto the United States (Heginbotham, 2015). As there are no clearly defined rules on cyber warfare, anyescalation of tensions between China and the U.S. could be construed and framedin the words of a dominance conflict similar to the rhetoric that started andfuelled the Cold War between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. This Cold War metaphoris how commentators are viewing the Cyber race between China and the U.S. concord to President Barack Obamas 2011 Cyberspace Policy Review,cybersecurity risks pose some of the most serious economic and nationalsecurity challenges of the 21st century (Solis, 2014). This rhetoric is okay up by the steps the U.S. has taken to secure its strategic advantage inthe domain. In 2009, the U.S. creat ed the Cyber Command under the NationalSecurity Agency (NSA) with the express purpose of putting cyber warfare in theforefront of its military and defensive strategy. In addition, the Departmentof Defence (DoD) also has the Pentagon Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace withChina clearly set in its sights.These aggressive overtures by the U.S. have not beenignored. According to the Chinese Ministry of Public Security, they are of theopinion that cyber attacks on Chinese computer installations grow at a rate of80% annually making China the largest and most venerable recipient of cyberattacks (Robinson, et al., 2015). To put it intocontext, in 2011, China succumbed to a cyber attack where 100 millionuser names, passwords and emails were leaked unto the internet.What is commonly acknowledge is that the U.S. practicallycontrols the entire internet and other states are using every means possible toreduce the influence of that control and threat even though the US wasinstrumental in the de velopment of the internet. For the global internet to befully operational, it requires 13 root serves. 10 of the 13 are based in the USand the other 3 are based in Japan, Sweden and the Netherlands. ICANN, the bodythat authorises domain names and designations is based in the U.S. With thesefacts in mind, the U.S. has the most potential to turn cyber space into a cyberthreat. At least that is the argument posed by China and they verify on beingable to protect their national interests. With both sides staking a nationalinterest priority, it is not surprising that cyber warfare could be the nextarena between the U.S. and China (Lieberthal & Singer,2012).Global Cyber warfare Russia vs the rest of the worldThe Russians view cyber and cyberspace in completelycontradictory terms to the U.S. and the West in general. beginning and foremost,the Russians do not generally refer to the term cyber as a distinct concept inthe way political theorists in the West do. Russia, and to some extent Chin a,have a wider understanding of information and its control regardless of themedium chosen. So, given its long history with controlling information aboutand through the state during the era of the Soviet Union, electronic informationis just one conduit or category of information that can be utilized,manipulated and harnessed for the greater good of the state. That is to saythat the notion of cyber is just another mechanism by which information isrelayed and does not take priority over other mechanisms in importance just inpractical relevance. In Russian military doctrine, information and disinformationgo hand in hand and are tools used by the state mechanism to achieve a desiredobjective for its citizens or against its adversaries. It is utilized withjudicious foresight towards a purpose in addition to other traditional methodsand processes. In practical terms, if information (or disinformation) helpsanother weapon to tool, then Russian military theorists see electronicinformation merely as an enabler or facilitator. Therefore information isrelevant to already established practices of the state such as disinformationoperations, electronic warfare, Psychology Operations (also known as PsyOps),political subversion and subterfuge, economic warfare etc. According to (Carr, 2011), this is stated clearly in the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2010) .. features of modern military conflicts is the prior implementation of measures of information warfare in order to achieve political objectives without the utilization of military force and, subsequently, in the interest of shaping a favourable response from the world community to the utilization of military force.Carr, 2011Cyber warfare, according to Russian theorists, is justinformation warfare by another means but more efficient than other types ofinformation warfare. Cyber warfare is a legitimate tool of the state, so theargument goes, in peacetime and in conflict. It does not hold a specialprominence l ike it does in the U.S. Cyber warfare is regulated to accompanyingother tools of the state but given its nature, it has no set rules, noboundaries, no prescribed limits and no real restrictions or applications. Sucha view is diametrically opposite to that of the concept of cyberspace held inthe West. In support of this theory, the Russian state apparatus is structured preferably differently from the U.S.Cyberspace and cyber warfare started under the remit of the FederalSecurity Service (Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopastnosti FSB) which was taskedwith initiating information and disinformation wars using whatever meansnecessary including cyber warfare. The FSB also maintains and controls SORM, theStates internal cyber surveillance system. In addition to the FSB, The FederalService for Supervision in the Sphere of Telecommunications, InformationTechnologies and Mass Communications (Roskomnadzor), is also tasked withcontrolling the civilian media, telecommunications, the internet, the radio andany electronic media. Russias strategy of seeing cyber warfare as a continuationof normal political and military overtures was witnessed in the war withGeorgia in 2008(Robinson, et al., 2015). To date, Russia isstill the only country to use all three of military, economic and cyber warfareon an adversary in the international arena. Russia had a two-pronged attackwhen it used military weapons and cyber warfare to defeat Georgia. Similarly,in its conflict with Ukraine in 2014, its conventional use of military weapons andcyber warfare resulted in Ukrainian government websites being shut down,massive denial of service attacks being reported and energy installationsbeing hacked into. This is the first of many of these sorts of total warfarethat will continue in the new future. One only has to read newspaper reports ofcyber attacks occurring on a daily basis. But does this constitute a new arenaof conflict? I think given what is already going on in conflicts around theworld, the questi on has already been answered. Whether by design or accident,states are using cyber warfare as a tool against their adversary(Lieberthal & Singer,2012).Worlds first Cyber WarNo other body of research could bemore persuasive that presenting details of the worlds first cyber war tosupport the argument that cyber warfare is now a new arena of conflict. Thefirst known incident of an entire country being subjected to an all out cyberwar was Estonia. To understand the gravity of this event is to look at thehistory of Estonia. Estonia wascontrolled by the Soviet Union for nearly 50 years and obtained itsindependence in 1991. Then it was a desolate country which has been starved ofinfrastructure and economic development. With a population of just under 2million, it has carved a future for itself as one of the most wired andtechnological advanced countries in the world. It is truly a model of a smartcountry with widespread ecommerce and e-government services almost unparalleledanywhere in the world.As a state once controlled by the Soviets until 1991, the country is punctuated with Soviet history and struggle. The capital city, Tallinn, had remembrances erected to the Soviet soldiers who fought and died in the struggle to keep Germany out of Russia. Estonia, as it is their right, decided to move the monument to a cemetery which met angry objections from Russian leaders and the large Russian community that grew out of a 50 year occupation. Russia saw Estonia as a symbol of struggle and the Estonians saw Russia as a symbol of oppression. After altercations in the city centre following the removal of the monument, Estonia found that its entire electronic infrastructure was disrupted. The state administration was paralysed, banks and companies had to freeze their operations, the internet was practically down and nothing was working. Culpability was had to prove but it was the first recorded total cyber war against a state. Again, there is no proof that the perpetrators wer e state sponsored or indeed it was a malicious attack but the timing and the magnitude points to more than a criminal cohort (there was no financial advantage gained in the event) and to a state sponsored cyber attack. More importantly, Estonians pointed the finger at Russia and being members of NATO, they retained the prerogative to heighten Article 5 of NATO an attack against one is an attack against all.PostscriptIf there was any uncertainty about cyber warfare becomingthe new arena of conflict then the headlines below might seem ominous as theyare similar to the headlines that preceded the First World War and the SecondWorld War. And these were in just over 3 days.Malta accuses Russia of cyber-attacks in run-up to electionThe embattled Maltese government has claimed that it has comeunder attack from a Russian-backed campaign to undermine it, amid downsloperelations with the Kremlin.Malta assumed the presidency of Europes Council of Ministersin January, an important position un der which it chairs high-level meetings inBrussels and sets Europes political agenda. Since then, the Maltesegovernments IT systems have seen a rise in attacks, according to a sourceworking within its information technology agency, a government body. He claimedthe attacks, which have increased ahead of next months general election, aredesigned to damage the government. In the last two quarters of last year andthe first part of this year, attacks on our servers have increased, the sourcesaid.(Doward, 2017)Trump executive order aims to protect US from catastrophic cyber attack US President Donald Trump this month signed an executive order that aims to increase protection for US essential services in case of a cyber attack that results in catastrophic regional or national effect on public health or safety, economic security, or national security. (Kuchler, 2017)Nth Korea launches cyber attacks on USNorth Koreas main spy agency has a special cell called Unit 180 thatis likely to have l aunched some of its most daring and successful cyberattacks, according to defectors, officials and internet security experts. NorthKorea has been blamed in recent years for a series of online attacks, mostly onfinancial networks, in the United States, South Korea and over a dozen othercountries. Cyber security researchers have also said they have found technicalevidence that could link North Korea with the global WannaCry ransomwarecyber attack that infected more than 300,000 computers in 150 countries thismonth. Pyongyang has called theallegation ridiculous. (Reuters, 2017)The research question ofwhether cyber warfare is a new arena of conflict is probably not in any doubt.The argument reverts back to the beginning of this research when examined therealist approach to international relations. 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Thousand Oaks, California Sage.1These are computers that havebeen hijacked and remotely taken over by a person other than the owner.2Primarydata is that which is from a study where the researcher personally collects theinformation but secondary data is data that has already been collected (Andrews,et al., 2012).3From December 18 to 22, 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CentralCommittee of Communist Party of China was held in Beijing. The party decidedthat China should start shift its economic focus from classstruggle-oriented to economic construction-oriented, fromsemi-rigid/rigid to comprehensive reform, and, fromsemi-closed/closed to opening up.Invalid sourcespecified.