The Political Spectrum Of South Africa - 1936 Words

With the advent spread of the English language during the colonial conquests the world had undergone a vast array of changes, and some of these changes that seems to have gone unnoticed for some part is how deeply the English language has impacted and changed a country s identity entirely. Then the question arises whether those changes are in fact beneficial or detrimental for language acquisition and maintenance for future generations to come. This essay will focus on my country of choice, South Africa, and will discuss how three different dimensions have been impacted by the English language. I will first focus on the historical dimensions to gain a better understanding of the circumstances within South Africa in the past and in today s context, especially how the English language had arrived and completely shaped South Africa as a whole. Furthermore, following the historical impact, this essay will go deeper into the political spectrum of South Africa, and discuss how the country shifted from the Apartheid era to its contemporary state. Lastly, I will discuss how the educational system has impacted the growing new generation to get a clearer understanding of how the country has been changed to adapt to the more globalised world that we live in now and will raise some questions about how language, being one of the key aspects that makes us human, could be wilfully applied for coercion into a chosen form of hegemony, and will thus demonstrate the importance of language inShow MoreRelatedThe Republic Of South Africa956 Words   |  4 PagesRepublic of South Africa History: The history of South Africa is characterized by racial and political violence, territorial conflict, wars of conquest, and inter-ethnic rivalry. South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century. 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As a result, Desmond Tutu s impact on society has and will continue to inspire good-hearted people to take action on their beliefs. â€Å"Desmond Tutu was born on October 7, 1931, in Klerksdorp, South Africa.† (Encyclopedia Brittanica Editors- Desmond Tutu) Desmond Tutu lived in a multi ethnic household, where

Racism And The Australian Human Rights Commission

Racism, wherever it occurs, has damaging effects. It can be defined as the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race (Oxford dictionary). It can occur on individual, internal,or institutional levels, and it can be either subtle or obvious (Jones,2000). Research confirms that racism is still prevalent in today’s society, in 2013 the Australian Human Rights Commission received a 59 per cent increase in complaints about racial hatred and vilification compared to the previous year. Racism can also affect physical health, life expectancy, and social cohesion. Evidence suggests that discrimination and racism are linked to a range of adverse health conditions, including poor mental health and wellbeing in children aged 1 to 15 years (Mitchell, 2014). Maternal race is one of the most analysed, robust, and puzzling findings in the epidemiology of prematurity. It is believed that African-American women are two to three times more likely than white women to deliver preterm and this space appears to have been broadening in recent years, as rates of preterm birth decrease faster for white women than for black women. Many epidemiological studies have analysed whether this racial divergence in preterm and low birthweight rates can be explained by maternal age, education, lifestyle, and socio-economic position. Although, these factors explain only a small percentage of the racialShow MoreRelatedRace From A Historical Perspective Within The Context Of Australia1733 Words   |  7 PagesRacism has been the ugly underbelly of Australian sport for over a century (Human Rights, 2007). According to Szoke (2012), ultimately, racism is a denial of human relationship (Szoke, 2012). There are many ways in which race and skin colour has been  "marked† in sport in Australia. 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Common Thesis mistakes free essay sample

What is a good question or professional researchers to address is not usually a good question for someone doing a PhD thesis in lone-scholar, no-budget mode. (Duodenal 2003, p. 20) But a topic that is too small makes it difficult for you to demonstrate that you have made a contribution to knowledge. Not being clear about your thesis topic. Try the dinner party [pub/disco] test. The challenge posed by having to explain your thesis topic can also be a salutary stimulant to clarifying your own thinking.During the course of your doctorate there will be gruesome occasions, at dinner parties or drinks with trainers, when someone turns to you and asks what it is you do. Once you admit to working on a doctorate, your conversation partners inevitable fellow-through is to ask about your subject. From this point on you have typically about two minutes to convince your normally skeptical inquisitor that you know what you are doing and that it is a worthwhile thing to be at. . So the dinner party test is always a frustrating experience to undergo, and many students feel that it is an impossible one for them to pass.To expect them to be able to capture the essence of their sophisticated and specialized epic, and to convey it in a few lines to a complete stranger, is just absurdly to underestimate what they are about. Yet in my view the test is a good one. If you cannot give a synoptic, ordinary language explanation in two or three minutes of what you are focusing on and what you hope to achieve, the chances are very high that in a very fundamental way you do not yet understand your thesis topic. (Duodenal 2003, up. 22-3) Not being able to express your thesis aim as a question.In a thesis you develop, state and justify a question, and then develop an answer (or a partial answer) to that question. You should be able to state your thesis problem as a single question, button may also have subsidiary questions that follow from the main one. In addition: Do not include any elements in your research question that will not be addressed in substantive and (hopefully) original ways by your analysis. Do not have elements of your research analysis or evidence that are not covered by the statement of your key research question. (Duodenal 2003, p. 276) Not having a bit of a puzzle to solve.You define the question: you deliver the answer. This proposition means that very effective PhD thesis should be genuinely personalized in some way. You should take a manageable part of the existing literatures questions or concerns, and then tailor or modify that topic so as to shape it so that it can be feasibly answered. The way that the question is shaped should be reasonably distinctive, coming at a subject from a personally chosen angle. If you have such a personalized (even mildly idiosyncratic) perspective then it is less likely to be adopted by other researchers during the course of your studies.It is best to try and frame your thesis around an intellectual problem or a radio, not around a gap. It needs to focus on a set of phenomena that ask for explanation, which you can express as a non-obvious puzzle and for which you can formulate an interesting and effective answer. Many PhD students from countries or disciplines with more empiricist approaches, or placing more emphasis on intellectual or social consensus, find the idea of problematic their thesis topic difficult and odd. They Often regard their chosen topic as obviously worthy of study or intrinsically interesting and important in common-sense terms alone.They see no puzzle r enigma in front of them, merely an empirical landscape only partially painted by previous authors, which is their opportunity. This is a dangerous state of mind to be in at the start of a doctorate. It is often associated with people picking overly derivative topics important at some previous levels of education, or taking on very conventionally framed subjects from the existing literature which are too large or difficult to resolve in a PhD. Above all, an unproblematic thesis topic normally provides students with no worthwhile intellectual focus or protection at the examination stage.It leaves open too many questions along the lines of: what is this thesis for? (Duodenal 2003, up. 23-4) Structure your thesis around a paradox, not around a gap ? a principle for clarifying the central research question or problematic of your thesis. You should aim to explain a non-obvious puzzle in an original way, not just to produce the first description of something not already (extensively) studied. (Duodenal 2003, p. 274) Not delivering what you promise. The conclusion to the thesis must match the introduction. Some examiners read these two chapters first, and then the body of the thesis.Not being able to focus each chapter on a single purpose, such as the answer too question. Each of your chapters should do a discrete and distinctive job, well signaled from its start, and effectively building the thesis. Assign one function to each chapter, and make sure that this role does not overlap with those of its neighbors. (Duodenal 2003, p. 206) A key orientating device here is a rolling thesis synopsis Of three or four pages. This document is for your own use and for your supervisors only. It greatly expands on your chapter plan or contents page by giving a paragraph f writing about what each chapter will say.The synopsis also expresses the main storyline of your thesis. You should write your first synopsis as early as possible in your first year. Thereafter it is vital to keep revising it, so that it is permanently up to date and always captures your latest thinking. The whole point of a rolling synopsis is that you should never be writing or working into a vacuum. As you work on one chapter you always need to have a paragraph or so about what later unwritten chapters will cover, and an accessible summary also of the key points made in chapters already written. The rolling synopsis should always concentrate on summarizing your substantive arguments and conclusions ? what you have claimed, what you have found out, and what you hope to discover. (Duodenal 2003, p. 53) Describing your research methods without explaining how they help to answer the main and subsidiary questions in your thesis. You should be able to explain precisely what methods will be used to answer each question, rather than have a general account of all the research methods used in the thesis. Ignoring the need-to-know principle.Need to know criterion ? a key principle to use in determining how much detail or information to include in your text. Ask: What do readers need to know in order to follow and appreciate my argument? Provide only enough set-up or background information to meet this need. (Duodenal 2003, p. 271) Early chapters should provide concepts, ideas and methods or tools which can be applied in later chapters, so that the thesis is a connected and cumulative argument. One way to manage this problem is to think about what you would like to be able to say at the end of the thesis (e. . l would like o be able to say which of two competing theories is the better explanation of some phenomenon, and why), and then work out what you have to find out and explain to be able to say this, what concepts, ideas and tools are needed, and what is the appropriate starting question that will lead to this answer. Designing your thesis backwards can save considerable wasted time and effort, and ensure that you can actually answer the research question, but this is not something you can do in the first few months of your research.The need-to-know criterion should particularly be applied to literature reviews. The material in these reviews should either contribute to developing or justifying a research question, or provide concepts, ideas and tools that are used to develop answers. Literature reviews that are summaries, with little comment, evaluation or attempt at synthesis of different views. Also think carefully about where to put the literature review material. It doesnt all have to be in one blockbuster chapter, and some can go in the findings chapters.The appropriate division will vary from thesis to thesis. Insufficient chapters on your own findings. So much then for the organization of the whole. But this section is also about the core of your thesis ? which may be simply defined as all those sections with high research value-added. The core contributes to originality either by the discovery of new facts or by the exercise of independent critical power. This set of chapters contains all the most substantively new or different sections of your research, the ones that determine if you get a doctorate or not.In a big book thesis not all of your doctorate can or should fall into the core. There will also be a certain irreducible amount of non-core materials, composed of: Lead-in material, which introduces and sets up core material for readers so that it is understandable and accessible. Sometimes dismissively labeled as throat-clearinghouse, lead-in sections or chapters always require careful management. None the less they often loom much larger to students in terms Of their length, and their writing and rewriting time, than their eventual role in the final thesis would justify. Readers often page through lead-in materials quite quickly, looking mainly for the beef to be found later in the core sections. Lead-out materials do the book-closing role for large theses, providing an integrating summation or restatement of what has been found, and setting it in a wider context. To get a doctorate (and to do a good thesis more broadly) the size of the core matters a great deal. You must make sure that there are enough core chapters, and that they are big enough in terms of the total wordage of your thesis, to color the whole thing as an original piece of work.My suggested rule of thumb for big book theses is that 50,000 out of the 80,000 words of main text must be core materials. That is, appreciably more than half of your text should be original-sis stuff, reporting primary research that you have undertaken, or making new and distinctive arguments that you can plausibly claim to have originated or developed. This is a very demanding standard, but a therapeutic one . It throws into sharp focus the need to concentrate on your thesiss value-added elements.Do not end-load a big book thesis, leaving all the good bits squeezed into the last third or quarter of the text, as many people do. A recurring problem in most humanities and social sciences disciplines is that students spend so much time and effort on writing lead-in materials that they create a long, dull, owe-value sequence of chapters before readers come across anything original. To check your own plan, count the number of chapters and the number of pages that readers must scan through before they come to the core.Overextending the lead-in stuff will also squeeze out the time needed to do your core research and write it up properly. Long legacy chapters (often literature reviews or methods descriptions inherited from your first one or two years of study) also restrict the text space you have available to set out the core properly. (Dundee. Y 2003, up. 49-51) Miscalculating your time in reading and writing. Think of the implications of the advice above. Chapter conclusions which are section-by-section summaries of the chapter. Conclusions should be about what the chapter has contributed towards the development of the thesis.This could be the elaboration of some key questions, the identification of some concepts and tools that will be used in later analysis, or an answer to part of a research question. Too many subheadings. Breaking a chapter into lots of sections and subsections fragments the chapter and makes it harder to develop a coherent argument. Complex numbering systems like 3. 2. 3 and 3. 2. 3. 1 can produce confusion rather than order, particularly if the headings are in the same font and therefore look the same. Try using subheadings with different font sizes or styles, without numbers, as is normal in journals and books.This provides a better indication of the level and importance of the heading. For example, Geographical Research has only two levels of heading: First order headings Second order headings Repetition. The say it once and say it right approach urges you not to blur the argumentative impact of a single connected set of points about X by dissipating them in dribs and drabs, a little bit here and then again there and somewhere else a third time. Instead you should pull together all the related little into one, big bloc X argument.In weakly organized text this idea can again be a great force for good. Nothing is so corrosive of readers confidence in an author than the feeling that they are simply re-encountering material already described in a disorganized text, or are revisiting in only a marginally varied form points made already, perhaps for the third, fourth or fifth time. But some degree of linking back and forth across a text is inevitable and necessary. For instance, cross-referencing and short reminder passages can often be justified on the need to know criterion.Radically overdoing a say it once and say it right logic may sometimes push an already well-structured text into inaccessibility, denying readers the warm-up links that they need to grasp a wider pattern of argument. (Duodenal 2003, p. 1 09) Thinking that you will remember a good idea, and not writing it down immediately. Jotting thoughts down whenever you have them is a second seemingly obvious but actually crucial aspect of increasing your creativity. Nothing is so evanescent as your own good ideas, so fleetingly present and so easily lost. One of the most famous social psychology articles sheds light on this issue, focusing on the magical number seven, plus or minus two. Empirical research shows that on average we can all of us hold only about seven ideas at the forefront of our attention. Very clever people are perhaps able to focus on nine ideas at once, while less adept people (like me) may only be able to concentrate on five ideas at a time. When we are confronted by larger sets or anger lists of ideas we tend to react by randomly dropping some elements from the forefront of our attention.Hence if you think of a lot of ideas without jotting them down, you may appropriately be anxious that you will forget them. (Duodenal 2003, p. 35) Carry a thesis notebook around with you, because ideas come at strange times and in strange places. Neglecting to keep a full record of everything you read. Keep a record of what you have read, where it is located, and any comments. See an example on the next page. Build your bibliography as you read, as a Word file. Inadequate backup system.

The Relationship between Regulation and Market Structures and How Regulation Affects the Market

With a long history of bilateral and multilateral trade, policies and trade liberalization, negotiations of creating independent market environments have been a major issue of discussion in the recent past.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Regulation and Market Structures and How Regulation Affects the Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Free market entails allowing markets rule themselves by allowing the free flow of goods and services, but in the past the government has had to regulate the market either by introducing trade tariffs, which seek to protect the internal industries or other tools which seek to set the market in order to guide the economy in an acceptable manner. Economic or industrial regulation can be described as the interference of the market by the government. Government’s aim of interfering with the market is to influence the behaviors of firms or even indivi duals in the private sector engaging in the provision of goods and services. These regulations are aimed at protecting the public from exploitation. Several tools exist through which the market regulation takes place and they include: price controls, taxes, interests and quotas thus regulations are used to improve the efficiency to which the society is allocated resources and alter income distribution in order to achieve certain goals. Industrial regulation affects oligopolies in such a way that for example with an oligopolist mutually aware his action will trigger reactions from others, tend to have stronger incentives to substitute anti competitive with cooperation for vigorous competition thus what may follow is a coordinated interaction. This causes the intervention by the government to regulate chances of cartel formations and thus the operations of oligopolies are interfered with as they cannot raise the prices as they would wish. The government allows them only to raise price s to levels which are socially acceptable. Another market structure affected is the operation of a monopoly. This is due to the fact that industrial regulation controls the market power by allowing free competition, market stabilization, and expansion of investments. This in return introduces more market players, several buyers and several sellers and operation of monopolies becomes curtailed.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social regulation is the imposition and enactment of laws and policies, which seek to protect the society from harmful or hazardous corporate or individual behavior. It is simply concerned with the protection of the society against over exploitation, for example: production methods, the product attribute such as its quality, information disclosure for instance on the usage and includes the government rule on environmental protection, healthy, and fairnes s among the market players. It promotes what is deemed or has been assessed and declared as socially desirable. Social regulation affects both the private and public entities. The government ensures that what the private sector provides in the market is suitable for the public both in terms of quality and quantity. Thus social regulation protects the consumers, workers and environment from deceptive acts of the private sector. By introducing commissions such as the Environment Policy Act, the government ensures that the activities of the private sector do not threaten or overlook the safety regulations of the public as a whole. Through this, the public sector is not cheated, duped or exploited by the private sector. Social regulation differs from industrial regulation in that it is usually applied across the board too many or all industries and usually affects many people since it involves the government regulating all the details of production thus everybody involved in the product ion process has to comply. The private sector argues that social regulation is not economical as most of the times marginal costs exceeds marginal benefits leading to over regulation. This causes most of the private entities to change their production processes for example by adopting new technologies that support the required guidelines thus causing disposal of assets before their period. A natural monopoly is a firm producing a single homogenous product which other industry would like to produce but cannot due to cases of government protection or the capital required for such venture is not affordable or even the importance of the product to the society thus it might be deemed unsafe allowing everybody to provide the service.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Regulation and Market Structures and How Regulation Affects the Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Natural monopolies are usu ally established as a result of government special interests as they enhance efficiency by encouraging innovations. Costs of production, which make one producer more efficient than the other, can also force the establishment of a natural monopoly due to the expected high returns of scale. As a matter of fact, high market concentration does not always guarantee the absence of competition; sometimes it can reflect the success of a firm. In the production theory, sometimes monopolies can be favored by their better chances of exploiting the economy of scales reaching market equilibrium faster by producing more goods or services at a relatively low cost than it would be in a competitive market. Since these firms make profits at an abnormal rate, this may lead to adoption of advance technologies in the long run which can aid at producing quality products for consumers at a reduced price. Monopolies often exist in provision of basic services, for example, in the water industry where existe nce of several firms would result in multiplication of water pipes which would be costly to both the public and the private sector and thus most of the times the government gives natural monopolies to certain government affiliated companies to provide the services (Joskow, 2005). Premised on the fact that free trade benefits the economy, the antitrust laws of the USA seeks to prevent the anti competitive business behaviors which could be displayed by some of the major firms. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 was the first antitrust law, which has since then undergone amendments with the most well known being the â€Å"Clayton Act of 1914 and the Robinson-Patman Act of 1936.Congress also created a regulatory agency to administrate and enforce the law, under the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914† ( Hartman, 1997: Par 3) The four major pieces that the antitrust laws seeks to control areAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Agreements between competitors, contractual arrangements between sellers and buyers, the pursuit or maintenance of monopoly power, and mergers†, (Hartman, 1997: Par 2) Agreements between competitors is checked under the Sherman Act of 1890, which seeks to prohibit every contract or conspiracy between two or more companies which seek to monopolize market for any product. The act authorized the Federal Government to dissolve trusts and established penalties for the persons convicted for establishing such combinations. The Clayton act which also falls under the antitrust laws seeks to address specific practices where the effect may interfere with free and perfect competition. This act covers practices such as creation of mergers and acquisitions which may lead to a creation of a monopoly. The act prohibits exclusive sales contracts, local price cutting to freeze other market players. The only secluded sectors are the labor unions and agricultural cooperatives from these co mbinations that restraint trade. Robinson- Patman Act is another antitrust legislation which seeks to deal with discriminatory prices in the market charged to competitors. The purpose of this act is to protect small businesses by controlling the ability of large firms to engage in large discriminatory discounts due to their huge purchasing power. This law specifically bans the charging of different prices to different buyers. The act seeks to help the small buyers who might be disadvantaged when it comes to competition with the larger firms. The Federal Trade commission Act is the last piece of antitrust law and this act seeks to disallow the use of unfair and deceptive practices under this act, behavior which might not be illegal under the other said acts may however be unlawful under the FTC act. The Federal Trade Commission simply enhances consumer confidence by enforcing the federal laws which seek to protect consumers. It also ensures that consumers are well equipped with free information which can help them in exercising their rights and spots to avoid deception. The US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission which is served with the function of ensuring compliance in line with the laws, regulations and any existing tariffs that exist in USA. The next commission is the Postal Regulatory Commission which advises the government on the legislations that need to be enacted with matters concerning market products and the expected consumer price index cap. Another commission is the Federal Communications Commission which has the jurisdiction over radio, telephone communication and television the commission is served with the function of regulating the monopolistic nature of firms search as the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. The other commission, Securities and Exchange Commission interprets federal security laws, issues new rules and amends the existing ones while also overseeing the inspection of securities firms, brokers and investment advisers among others and finally the US Federal Nuclear Commission whose main function is to protect the people of USA from nuclear compounds by ensuring the safety of nuclear production and other civilian uses of nuclear substances. With the increased attention towards civil rights, environmental concerns and consumer issues, there has been establishment of regulatory agencies which are: The Equal employment Opportunity Commission which is served with administering of civil rights, the commission coordinates the federal efforts at affirmative action for the employment of minority races and women. It enforces law against discrimination and investigates discrimination complaints against race, gender, age and religion. The second regulatory commission is the Environment Protection Agency which is charged with the responsibility of ensuring that industries adhere to the set rules which ensure that there is limited water and air pollution and also the disposition of hazardous wastes by companies is checked by this commission. It does this through by writing and enforcing rules as directed by the congress. The Occupation Safety and Healthy Review Commission is another regulatory commission charged with the role of developing regulations at work place. It is supposed to conduct inspections at work place and ensure that the working standards under which workers are exposed to are conducive. It ensures employees work under environment free of toxic compounds. The Consumer Product Safety Commission ensures that safety standards on potentially lethal and dangerous items such as hand tools and lawn mowers, flammable products, children toys are enforced by the industry players involved any unreasonable injury which may result from using such items is checked by this commission. Finally we have the Federal Election Commission which is an independent regulatory conducted in the US. The commission regulates election financing since its main function is to disclose the source of money use d during election campaigns. They do this through enforcing the provisions of the law such as the limits and oversee the funding of presidential elections Reference List Hartman, S. (1997). Antitrust Laws: West’s Legal Directory Law Information Center. Web. Joskow, P. L. (2005). Regulation of Natural Monopolies: Centre for Energy and Environmental Policy Research. 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